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Define : i) Isothermal efficiency.

i) Isothermal efficiency – It is defined as the ratio of isothermal power to the indicated or actual power. Isothermal efficiency = Isothermal power / Indicated power.

 

ii) Volumetric efficiency – It is the ratio of actual volume of the free air delivered at standard atmospheric condition at discharge in one delivery stroke to the swept volume by the piston during the stroke.

State any four types of sensors used in I.C. engine.

Following sensors are used in ECU:  A permanent magnet inductive signal generator is mounted in close proximity to the flywheel, where it radiates a magnetic field. As the flywheel spins and the pins are rotated in the magnetic field, an alternating (AC) waveform is delivered to the ECM to indicate speed of rotation.

Explain with neat sketch working principle of Ice plant.

Working of Ice plant: The main cycle used for ice plant is vapor compression cycle with ammonia as the refrigerant in primary circuit and brine solution in secondary circuit. Brine solution takes heat from water in secondary circuit and delivers the heat to ammonia in primary circuit. Thus, the indirect method of cooling is used in ice plant. In secondary circuit brine is cooled in evaporator and then it is circulated around the can which contains water. The heat is extracted from the water in the can and is given to the brine.

Write any four applications of compressed air.

Following are the applications of compressed air:-

1) To drive air motors in coal mines.

2) To inject fuel in air injection diesel engines.

3) To operate pneumatic drills, hammers, hoists, sand blasters.

4) For cleaning purposes.

5) To cool large buildings.

6) In the processing of food and farm maintenance.

7) For spray painting in paint industry.

8) In automobile & railway braking systems.

9) To operate air tools like air guns.

10) To hold & index cutting tools on machines like milling.

State advantages of jet propulsion over other systems.

Advantages of jet propulsion – 1. Higher mechanical efficiency due to absence of reciprocating parts. 2. The weight of gas turbine per kW power developed is low since the working pressures are low requiring lighter construction. 3. Can produce much more power at much higher altitudes where drag is less so higher speeds are possible and they are more efficient. 4. Reliability is one of the elements of success for jet engines. They only have a couple of moving parts and almost no vibration.

State advantages of closed cycle gas turbine.

Advantages of closed cycle gas turbine:

(i) It has higher thermal efficiency for the same minimum and maximum temperature limits and for the same pressure ratio.

(ii) Since the heating is external, any kind of fuel even solid fuel having low calorific value may be used.

(iii) There is no corrosion due to circulation of combustion product.

(iv) As the system is a closed one there is no loss of the working fluid.

(v) The size of the turbine will be smaller compared to an open cycle gas turbine of the same output.

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