Question and answers

2

Define sliding pair with example.

Sliding pair :

When the two elements of a pair are connected in such a way that one can only slide relative to the other, the pair is known as a sliding pair. The piston and cylinder, cross-head and guides of a reciprocating steam engine, ram and its guides in shaper, tail stock on the lathe bed etc. are the examples of a sliding pair. A little consideration will show that a sliding pair has a completely constrained motion.

4

Differentiate between mechanism and machine.

4

Explain the working of freewheel mechanism of bicycle with sketch.

A freewheel mechanism on a bicycle allows the rear wheel to turn faster than the pedals. If there is no freewheel on a bicycle, a simple ride could be exhausting, because one could never stop pumping the pedals. And going downhill would be downright dangerous, because the pedals would turn on their own, faster than one could keep up with them.

Power Train of a bicycle: The power train of a simple bicycle consists of a pair of pedals, two sprockets and a chain. The pedals are affixed to one sprocket — the front sprocket, which is mounted to the bike below the seat. The second sprocket is connected to the hub of the rear wheel. The chain connects the two sprockets. When you turn the pedals, the front sprocket turns. The chain transfers that rotation to the rear sprocket, which turns the rear wheel, and the bicycle moves forward. The faster you turn the pedals, the faster the rear wheel goes, and the faster the bike goes.

Coasting: At some point — when going downhill, for instance — speed is high enough so that the rear wheel is turning faster than the pedals. That's when coasting: we stop working the pedals and let the bike's momentum keep moving forward. It's the freewheel that makes this possible. On a bicycle, instead of being affixed to the wheel, the rear sprocket is mounted on a freewheel mechanism, which is either built into the hub of the wheel — a "freehub" — or attached to the hub, making it a true freewheel.

Now when you have to move forward, the pawl acts like a hook and gets locked with the teeth - called ratchet and transmits the torque. The complete mechanism is called ratchet and pawl mechanism.

But when you reverse pedal, it falls back and becomes "free". A spring prevents it from falling permanently. This is the reason why you hear the distinct "click-click" sound when you reverse pedal. Also, there are multiple "pawls" placed along the circumference too.

2

Pappu Define kinematic link and kinematic chain. 

a) Kinematic link: Each part of a machine, which moves relative to some other part, is known as a kinematic link (or simply link) or element. Kinematic Chain: When the kinematic pairs are coupled in such a way that the last link is joined to the first link to transmit definite motion (i.e. completely or successfully constrained motion), it is called a kinematic chain.

2

(a) Define : (i) Spherical pair (ii) Higher pair

a) Single plate clutch b) Multi plate clutch c) Cone clutch d) Centrifugal clutch

ii) Classification of follower:

4

Define slip and creep with reference to belt drive. Also state their effect on velocity ratio.

V- Belt drive – air compressor, machine tools (drilling machine)  Flat belt drive - lathe headstock, floor mill, stone crusher unit  Gear drive – gear box of vehicles, cement mixing unit, machine tools, I.C. Engine, differential of automobile, dial indicator  Chain drive – Bicycle, cranes, Hoists, bikes

4

Define completely constrained motion and successfully constrained motion with neat sketch. State one example of each.

a) 1. Completely constrained motion: When the motion between a pair is limited to a definite direction irrespective of the direction of force applied, then the motion is said to be a completely constrained motion. For example, the piston and cylinder (in a steam engine) form a pair and the motion of the piston is limited to a definite direction (i.e.it will only reciprocate) relative to the cylinder irrespective of the direction of motion of the crank. Examples: 1. The motion of a square bar in a square hole 2. the motion of a shaft with collars at each end in a circular hole,

2. Successfully constrained motion: When the motion between the elements, forming a pair, is such that the constrained motion is not completed by itself, but by some other means, then the motion is said to be successfully constrained motion. Consider a shaft in a foot-step bearing as shown in Fig. The shaft may rotate in a bearing or it may move upwards. This is a case of incompletely con-strained motion. But if the load is placed on the shaft to prevent axial upward movement of the shaft, then the motion of the pair is said to be successfully constrained motion. Examples:1. The motion of an I.C. engine valve (these are kept on their seat by a spring) 2. The piston reciprocating inside an engine cylinder 3. Shaft in a foot step bearing

2

Define initial tension in belt drive & state its effect.

1. Manufacturing cost of chains is relatively high 2. The chain drive needs accurate mounting and careful maintenance 3. High velocity fluctuations especially when unduly stretched 4. Chain operations are noisy as compared to belts.

2

Define the sensitivity in relation to governer. State its significance.

The function of governor is to regulate the mean speed of the engine, when there are variations in the load. Governor automatically adjusts and controls the supply of fuel / working fluid to the engine with the varying load conditions and keeps the mean speed within the certain desired limits. e.g. When the load on an engine increases, its speed decreases, therefore it becomes necessary to increase the supply of fuel or working fluid. The configuration of the governor changes and valve is moved to increase the supply of working fluid. Conversely, when the load on the engine

4

What is a machine ? Differentiate between a machine and a structure.

Sl. No
Machine
Structure

1
All parts / links have relative motion
No relative motion between the links

2
It transforms the available energy into some useful work
No energy transformations

3
The kinematic link of a machine may transmit both power and motion
The member of the structure transmit forces only

4
Examples: I.C. Engine, Machine tools, steam engine, type writer, etc.
Example: Truss of roof, frame of machine, truss of bridge

5
Studied under 'Dynamics'
Studied under 'Statics'

4

Describe with neat sketch the working of scotch yoke mechanism.

Crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism. This mechanism is mostly used in shaping machines, slotting machines and in rotary internal combustion engines. In this mechanism, the link AC (i.e. link 3) forming the turning pair is fixed, as shown in fig. The link 3 corresponds to the connecting rod of a reciprocating steam engine. The driving crank CB revolves with uniform angular speed about the fixed centre C. A sliding block attached to the crank pin at B slides along the slotted bar AP and thus causes AP to oscillate about the pivoted point A. A short link PR transmits the motion from AP to the ram which carries the tool and reciprocates along the line of stroke R1R2. The line of stroke of the ram (i.e. R1R2) is perpendicular to AC produced

In the extreme positions, AP1 and AP2 are tangential to the circle and the cutting tool is at the end of the stroke. The forward or cutting stroke occurs when the crank rotates from the position CB1 to CB2 (or through an angle β) in the clockwise direction. The return stroke occurs when the

4

Explain the inter-relation between linear and angular velocity, linear and angular acceleration with suitable example.

4

Draw the labelled displacement, velocity and acceleration diagrams for a follower when it moves with simple harmonic motion.

Roller follower is preferred over knife edge follower  Knife-edge of the follower will cause the wear of the cam.  Higher load on the small contact area the follower likely to cause wear at the tip of Knifeedge due to more stresses.  Knife-edge follower practically not feasible for higher torque / load applications.  More friction due to sliding motion of the knife-edge follower and hence, more maintenance.  Roller follower on the other hand produces smooth operation with less wear and tear of both cam and follower.  Pure rotational motion of roller follower causes less friction and less loss of power.  Considerable side thrust exists between knife-edge follower and the guide.

4

Justify that slider crank mechanism is a modification of the basic four bar mechanism with neat sketch.

Justification for a single slider crank mechanism is a modification of four bar chain mechanism is as given below. 1) Single slider mechanism has four kinematic links – crank, connecting rod, frame and slider and four bar mechanism has crank, coupler, frame and a follower. 2) A follower in four bar mechanism is replaced by a slider. 3) A four bar mechanism has 4 turning pairs and single slider crank mechanism has also four pairs, but one of the turning pairs is replaced by a sliding pairs. 4) A four bar mechanism rotary motion of the crank into oscillating motion of the follower whereas in single slider motion is converted in sliding motion of the piston

2

Enlist the types of constrained motion. Draw a label sketch of any one

Types of constrained motion:
(i)Completely constrained motion.
(ii)Incompletely constrained motion.
(iii)Successfully constrained motion.

4

Draw a labeled sketch of quick return mechanism of shaper and explain its working?

Quick return mechanism

Quick return mechanism : Crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism. This quick return mechanism is mostly used in shaping machines, slotting machines and in rotary internal combustion engines. In this quick return mechanism, the link AC (i.e. link 3) forming the turning pair is fixed, as shown in fig. The link 3 corresponds to the connecting rod of a reciprocating steam engine. The driving crank CB revolves with uniform angular speed about the fixed centre C. A sliding block attached to the crank pin at B slides along the slotted bar AP and thus causes AP to oscillate about the pivoted point A. A short link PR transmits the motion from AP to the ram which carries the tool and reciprocates along the line of stroke R1R2. The line of stroke of the ram (i.e. R1R2) is perpendicular to AC produced.

n the extreme positions, AP1 and AP2 are tangential to the circle and the cutting tool is at the end of the stroke. The forward or cutting stroke occurs when the crank rotates from the position CB1 to CB2 (or through an angle β) in the clockwise direction. The return stroke occurs when the crank rotates from the position CB2 to CB1 (or through angle α) in the clockwise direction. Since the crank has uniform angular speed,

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Quick return mechanism Alternate answer :

Links -

1.Slider

2. Crank

3.Frame

4.Slotted Lever

4

Justify with neat sketch elliptical trammel as an inversion of double slider crank chain.

Elliptical trammel :

Since Elliptical trammel consist of two turning pairs and two sliding pairs, it is inversion of double slider crank chain. This instrument is used for drawing ellipses. This inversion is obtained by fixing a slotted plate (link 4) as shown in fig. It has got two right angled grooves cut into it. 1-2 is turning pair                                     2-3 is turning pair                                                                           1-4 is sliding pair                                      3-4 is sliding pair.................................. [2 M]

2

Define Kinematic link with one example.

Kinematic link --Each part of a machine, which moves relative to some other part, is known as a ‘kinematic link (or simply link) or element. Example – any one Example of machine element, (e.g. shaft, spindle, gear, crank, belt, pulley, key etc. )

4

State any four inversions of single slider crane chain. Describe any one with neat sketch.

1.Reciprocating engine, Reciprocating compressor;

2. Whitworth quick return mechanism, Rotary engine,

3.Slotted crank mechanism, Oscillatory engine.

4.Hand pump, pendulum pump.

1.Reciprocating engine, Reciprocating compressor link 1 is fixed

2.Whitworth quick return mechanism, Rotary engine​ link 2 is fixed,

3.- Oscillatory engine. Slotted crank mechanism. link 3 is fixed

4. Hand pump, pendulum pump. link 4 is fixed

4

What is machine ? Differentiate between a machine and a structure.

2

Define kinematic link and kinematic chain. 

Each part of a machine, which moves relative to some other part, is known as a kinematic link.

When the kinematic pairs are coupled in such a way that the last link is joined to the first link to transmit definite motion (i.e. completely or successfully constrained motion), it is called a kinematic chain.

4

Differentiate machine and structure on any four points.

4

Explain with the diagram working of crank and slotted lever quick return mechanism.

Crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism:

 This mechanism is mostly used in shaping machines, slotting machines and in rotary internal combustion engines. In this mechanism, the link AC (i.e. link 3) forming the turning pair is fixed, as shown in fig. The link 3 corresponds to the connecting rod of a reciprocating steam engine. The driving crank CB revolves with uniform angular speed about the fixed centre C. A sliding block attached to the crank pin at B slides along the slotted bar AP and thus causes AP to oscillate about the pivoted point A. A short link PR transmits the motion from AP to the ram which carries the tool and reciprocates along the line of stroke R1R2. The line of stroke of the ram (i.e. R1R2) is perpendicular to AC produced.

2

Define - 1. Mechanism  2.Inversion

1. Mechanism : When one of the links of a kinematic chain is fixed, the chain is known as mechanism.

2. Inversion of mechanism The method of obtaining different mechanisms by fixing different links in a kinematic chain, is known as inversion of the mechanism. So we can obtain as many mechanisms as the number of links in a kinematic chain by fixing, in turn, different links in a kinematic chain.

4

State and explain various types of constrained motions with suitable examples.

Types of Constrained Motions :

Following are the three types of constrained motions:

1. Completely constrained motion: When the motion between a pair is limited to a definite direction irrespective of the direction of force applied, then the motion is said to be a completely constrained motion. For example, the piston and cylinder (in a steam engine) form a pair and the motion of the piston is limited to a definite direction (i.e. it will only reciprocate) relative to the cylinder irrespective of the direction of motion of the crank.

2. Incompletely constrained motion: When the motion between a pair can take place in more than one direction, then the motion is called an incompletely constrained motion. The change in the direction of impressed force may alter the direction of relative motion between the pair. A circular bar or shaft in a circular hole is an example of an incompletely constrained motion as it may either rotate or slide in a hole. These both motions have no relationship with the other.

3. Successfully constrained motion: When the motion between the elements, forming a pair, is such that the constrained motion is not completed by itself, but by some other means, then the motion is said to be successfully constrained motion. Consider a shaft in a foot-step bearing. The shaft may rotate in a bearing or it may move upwards. This is a case of incompletely constrained motion. But if the load is placed on the shaft to prevent axial upward movement of the shaft, then the motion of the pair is said to be successfully constrained motion.

4

State the meaning of sliding pair, turning pair, rolling pair and spherical pair with one example each.