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In year 2010 – Bharat Stage III Emission Norms for 2-wheelers, 3-wheelers and 4-wheelers for entire country whereas Bharat Stage – IV (Equivalent to Euro IV) for 13 major cities for only 4- wheelers. Bharat Stage IV also has norms were implemented for 4-wheelers for 13 major cities for only 4-wheelers. Currently, BS-IV petrol and diesel are being supplied in whole of Northern India covering Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Delhi and parts of Rajasthan and western UP. The rest of the country has BS-III grade fuel.

First engine is allowed to run at constant speed and brake power of engine is measured when all four cylinder working. (IP1 + IP2 + IP3 + IP4) = (BP) 1234 + (FP) 1234  Where, IP- indicated power. BP – brake power develop. FP – frictional power.

When oil under pressure is supplied to port A, the oil exerts pressure on the ball against the spring force, hence the ball will be lifted off from its seat and creates a passage for

oil to flow. Hence oil can flow from port A to port B. when under pressure is supplied in opposite direction that is to port B, the oil force the ball to sit firmly in its seat, hence the passage is closed by ball. The oil cannot flow port B to port A.

1. DC valves are used to release, stop or redirect the fluid that flows through it. 2. DCV is used to control the direction of fluid flow in any hydraulic system and changing the position of internal movable parts. 3. To start, stop, accelerate, decelerate and change the direction of motion of a hydraulic actuator. 4. To permit the free flow from the pump to the reservoir at low pressure when the pump’s delivery is not needed into the system. 5. To vent the relief valve by either electrical or mechanical control. 6.

Pressure Relief Valve used because; 1. To Maintain desired pressure levels in the circuit. 2. To set maximum pressure in hydraulic system. 3. Protect the pump and other system components from overloading. 4. It acts as a relief and safety device ExplanationSimple pressure relief valve is also a Direct operated pressure relief valve. It consists of Poppet, spring, pressure setting knob and valve body.