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Question and answers

Examination: 2016 WINTER
Que.No Marks
Q 2 a )

4

Question:

Explain a scotch yoke mechanism with a neat sketch.


Answer:

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Q 2 a )

8

Question:

Differentiate vapour compression and vapour absorption refrigeration system. (min. eight points of difference)


Answer:

Differences between Vapour Absorption and Vapour Compression refrigeration system

 

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Q 2 b )

8

Question:

Explain with the help of neat sketches, the design procedure of a square sunk key


Answer:

 

T= Torque transmitted by the shaft , F= tangential force acting at the circumference of the shaft,

 

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Q 2 b )

4

Question:

What is machine ? Differentiate between a machine and a structure.


Answer:

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Q 2 b )

8

Question:

A single stage reciprocating air compressor has a swept volume of 2000 cm3 and runs at 800 rpm. It operates on a pressure ratio of 8 with a clearance 5% of the swept volume. Assume NTP room conditions at inlet (p = 101.3 kPa t = 15°C) and polytropic compression and expansion with n = 1.25 calculate i) Indicated power, ii) Volumetric efficiency, iii) Mass flow rate iv) Isothermal efficiency


Answer:

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Q 2 c )

8

Question:

Explain the construction and working of doubled acting reciprocating compressor with neat sketch.


Answer:

Double acting reciprocating air compressor is similar to double acting reciprocating pump. It is comprised of following parts: 1) Cylinder 2) Piston and piston rod and connecting rod. 3) Crank and crank case 4) Two suction valves and two delivery valves. 5) One inlet port and one outlet port It uses four bar mechanism. There are 4 valves (2 suction valves and 2 delivery valves) shown at A, B, C, D in figure. There are cooling fans similar to single acting compressors. The crank rotates on electric motor/engine/turbine. In this compressor, compression of air takes place on both side of the piston. When crank rotates, the piston starts reciprocating. When piston comes down and attains, ‘Bottom dead center piston’ the air comes in through port ‘A’ due to vacuum created due to downward movement. When piston starts moving upward, the air starts compressing. When piston attains, ‘Top dead center piston’, the stroke is complete and air is fully compressed which goes out through delivery valve ‘B’ to air receiver. During this upward movement the vacuum is created on other side (Piston rod side) of piston. Suction valve ‘C’ opens and air comes in. When piston starting comes down, this air which came through valve ‘C’, gets compressed and compressed air goes out through delivery valve ‘D’ to air receiver. In this downward movement air comes in through valve ‘A’ and entire cycle repeats.

 

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Q 2 c )

4

Question:

Explain Klein’s construction to determine velocity and acceleration of different links in single slider crank mechanism.


Answer:

Klein’s construction

a) For velocity of different links

b) For acceleration of different links

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Q 2 c )

8

Question:

A four stroke gas engine has a cylinder diameter of 25 cm and stroke 45 cm. The effective diameter of brake is 1.6 m. The observations made in a test of the engine were as follows. Duration of test = 40 min. Total no. of revolutions = 8080 Total no. of explosions = 3230 Net load on brake = 90 kg Mean effective pressure = 5.8 bar Volume of gas used = 7.5 m3 Pressure of gas = 136 mm of water Atm. temp. = 17°C Calorific value of gas = 19 MJ/m3 at NTP Rise in temp. of jacket cooling water = 45°C Cooling water supplied = 180 kg Draw heat balance sheet and estimate indicated thermal efficiency and brake thermal efficiency. Assume atmospheric pr. as 760 mm of Hg.


Answer:

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Q 2c)(i)

8

Question:

 State applications of maximum shear stress theory and principal normal stress theory


Answer:

(i) Applications of maximum shear stress theory : for ductile material , crank shaft, propeller shafts , c frames (ii) Applications of maximum principle normal stress theory : for brittle material , machine spindle, machine beds , c frames, overhang crank

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Q 2c)(ii)

8

Question:

State two applications each of cotter joint and knuckle joint.


Answer:

Applications of cotter joint: cotter foundation bolt, big end of the connecting rod of a steam engine, joining piston rod with cross head, joining two rods with a pipe Applications of knuckle joint: link of bicycle chain, tie bar of roof truss, link of suspension bridge, valve mechanism, fulcrum of lever, joint for rail shifting mechanism

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Q 2 d )

4

Question:

Define the terms: (i) Linear velocity (ii) Angular velocity (iii) Absolute velocity (iv) Relative velocity


Answer:

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Q 2 d )

4

Question:

Explain with neat sketch different types of follower.


Answer:

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Q 2 f )

4

Question:

A pulley is driven by the flat belt running at speed of 600m/min. and transmit 4 kW. The coefficient of friction between belt and pulley is 0.3 and angle of lap is 160°. Find maximum tension in the belt.


Answer:

Flat belt speed = V = 600 m/min = 600/60 m/sec = 10 m/sec;

Power transmitted = P = 4 kW ;

Coefficient of friction =µ = 0.3;

Angle of lap = θ =1600

Belt tension ratio = T1/ T2 = eµθ = e 0.3(160x π/180) = 2.31; T1/ T2 = 2.31;

T1= T2 x 2.311--------------------------------(1)

P = ( T1 - T2) x V ; --------------------------------(2)

P = ( T2 x 2.31- T2)x 10; Putting value of power

P = 4 kW 4 x1000 = ( T2 x 2.31 - T2)x 10;

T2 = 305.34 N

T1 = 705.34N

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Q 3 a )

4

Question:

State the composition of the materials 30 Ni 16 Cr5, 40C8, FeE230 X15Cr25Ni 12


Answer:

30 Ni 16 Cr5 : alloy steel carbon 0.3% of average, Nickel 16%, chromium 5% 40C8 : Plain carbon steel carbon 0.4% of average, manganese 0.8% FeE230 : Steel with yield strength of 230N/mm2

X15Cr25Ni12 : high alloy steel carbon 0.15% of average, chromium 25%, Nickel 12%,

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Q 3 a )

4

Question:

Write any four advantages of oil hydraulic system.


Answer:

We can generate very high pressures in hydraulic system. Due to this nature of hydraulic system we can use this power to lift, hold, press very heavy loads 2) Weight to power ratio of a hydraulic system is comparatively less than that of an Electro-Mechanical System. Electric motor weigh appropriately 8.5 Kg/kW whereas, same power hydraulic motor weighs 0.85 kg/kW only. 3) The speed control of linear as well as rotary actuators can be achieved with ease. By merely adjusting small flow control valve, wide range of speed and feed can be obtained. 4) The system provides instant and smooth reversible motion

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Q 3 a )

4

Question:

Discuss the following motion of the follower by drawing the displacement velocity and acceleration diagram. (i) Uniform Velocity (ii) Simple Harmonic Motion (iii) Uniform acceleration and retardation


Answer:

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Q 3 a )

4

Question:

List any four pollutants in exhaust gases of I.C. engine with their effects.


Answer:

The major air pollutants emitted by petrol & diesel engines are CO2, CO, HC, NOx, SO2, smoke & lead vapour. Effect of CO:  Carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin forming carboy hemoglobin ,which reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood.  This leads to laziness, exhaustion of body & headache.  Prolong exposure can even leads to death.  It also affects cardiovascular system, thereby causing heart problem Effect of CO2: Causes respiratory disorder & suffocation. Effect of NOx: It causes respiration irritation, headache, bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, impairment of lungs, and loss of appetite & corrosion of teeth to human body. Effect of HC: • It has effect like reduced visibility, eye irritation, peculiar odour & damage to vegetation & acceleration the cracking of rubber products. • It induce cancer, affect DNA & cell growth are know a carcinogens. Effect of SO2: It is toxic & corrosive gas, human respiratory track of animals, plants & crops.

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Q 3 b )

4

Question:

Compare closed cycle and open cycle gas turbine.


Answer:

Open cycle and closed cycle gas turbines Any four differences

 

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Q 3 b )

4

Question:

Design single cotter joint to transmit 200 kN. Allowable stresses for the material are 75 MPa in tension and 50 MPa in shear.


Answer:

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Q 3 b )

4

Question:

Draw symbols of: (i) Oil reservoir (ii) Oil filter (iii) Heat exchanger (iv) Unidirectional fixed displacement pump.


Answer:

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Q 3 b )

4

Question:

The crank and connecting rod of steam engine are 0.5m and 2m long respectively. The crank makes 180r.p.m. in clockwise direction. When it has turned through 45° from I.D.C. Find the velocity of piston and angular velocity of connecting rod by relative velocity method.


Answer:

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Q 3 c )

4

Question:

Define i) Humidity ratio, ii) Specific humidity


Answer:

Specific humidity : It is defined as the ratio of mass of vapor to the mass of dry air in a given sample of moist air . It is denoted by ω 

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Q 3 c )

4

Question:

State the ‘Lewis equation’ for spur gear design. State SI unit of each term in the equation.


Answer:

Lewis equation: WT = σw.b.π.m.y, WT= Tangential load acting at the tooth in N σw= bending stress in N/mm2 b= width of the gear face in mm m= module in mm y= lewis form factor.

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Q 3 c )

4

Question:

Explain the principle of regenerative circuit.


Answer:

Principle of regenerative circuit is recovering the energy available with returning oil by using regeneration technique. The concept of re-generative circuit is explained from following figure. Consider the double acting cylinder. Pressurized oil from pump is admitting in cylinder cavity through port (A). Due to pressure force piston is moving from right to left. During this movement, the oil present on piston rod side of piston starts coming out through port (B). This oil will return to the oil reservoir via DC valve. It is clear from figure that, returning oil will enter in pressure pipe through pipe ‘P’ During exit of oil through port (B), some energy is still there with oil on piston rod side. This energy is otherwise wasted if this oil directly goes to oil reservoir. To avoid wastage of this energy, pipe ‘P’ is connected so that, the pressurized oil gets more energy and it will create more pressure force while entering through port (A).

 

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Q 3 c )

4

Question:

Compare cross belt drive and open belt drive on the basis of - (i) Velocity ratio (ii) Direction of driven pulley (iii) Application (iv) Length of belt drive


Answer:

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Q 3 d )

4

Question:

State the applications of : (i) Band brake (ii) Disc brake (iii) Internal expanding shoe brake (iv) External shoe brake


Answer:

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Q 3 d )

4

Question:

Three masses 10 kg, 20 kg and 15kg are attached at a point at radii of 20 cm, 25cm and 15 cm respectively. If the angle between successive masses is 60° and 90°. Determine analytically the balancing mass to be attached at radius of 30cm.


Answer: -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q 3 d )

4

Question:

Name four sensors used in I.C. engine and explain working of any one.


Answer:

Sensor used in IC engines ( Explanation of any one )

A sensor is an input device that provides variable information on an engine function. Examples of sensors include the airflow sensor (AFS), crank angle sensor (CAS), throttle potentiometer sensor (TPS) etc, and these provide data on load, rpm, temperature, throttle opening etc. This data is signaled to the ECM, which then analyses the results and computes an output signal. The output signal is used to actuate an n output device.

Crank angle sensor: A permanent magnet inductive signal generator is mounted in close proximity to the flywheel, where it radiates a magnetic field. As the flywheel spins and the pins are rotated in the magnetic field, an alternating (AC) waveform is delivered to the ECM to indicate speed of rotation. If a pin is intentionally omitted at two points on the flywheel, or by contrast a double pin is used, the signal will vary at these points, and a reference to TDC will be returned to the ECM. The location of the positional signal is not at TDC, but may be some other point fixed by the VM. When used, the CAS provides the primary signal to initiate both ignition and fuelling.

Air Flow Sensor (AFS): The AFS is normally located between the air filter and the throttle body. As air flows through the sensor, it deflects a vane (flap) which wipes a potentiometer resistance track and so varies the resistance of the track and generates a variable voltage signal.

Manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor: The MAP sensor measures the manifold vacuum or pressure, and uses a transducer to convert the signal to an electrical signal which is returned to the ECM. The unit may be designed as an independent sensor that is located in the engine compartment or integral with the ECM.

Coolant temperature sensor (CTS): The CTS is a two-wire thermistor that measures the coolant temperature. The CTS is immersed in the engine coolant, and contains a variable resistor that usually operates on the NTC principle.

Throttle Position Sensor (TPS): TPS is provided to inform the ECM of idle position, deceleration, rate of acceleration and wide-open throttle (WOT) conditions. The TPS is a potentiometer which varies the resistance and voltage of the signal returned to the ECM. 01 03 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECH From the voltage returned, the ECM is able to calculate idle position, full-load and also how quickly the throttle is opened.

Oxygen sensor (OS): An oxygen sensor is a ceramic device 'placed in the exhaust manifold on the engine side of the catalytic converter. The oxygen sensor returns a signal to the ECM, which can almost instantaneously (within 50 ms) adjust the injection duration.

 

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Q 3 d )

4

Question:

Explain why bolts of uniform strength are preferred. Draw sketches of two different types of bolts of uniform strength


Answer:

bolts of uniform strength: if a shank dia.is reduced to a core dia.as shown in fig. the stress become same through out the length of the bolt. Hence impact energy is distributed uniformly throughout the bolt length, thus relieving the threaded portion of high stress. The bolt in this way becomes stronger and lighter. This type of bolt is known as bolt of uniform strength.Another method of obtaining the bolt of uniform strength is shown in fig.in this method, instead of reducing the shank dia.an axial hole is drilled through the head down to

the threaded portion such that the cross sectional area of the shank becomes equal to the area of the threaded portion If bolts of uniform strength are not used a large portion of impact energy will be absorbed in the threaded portion and relatively a small portion of energy is absorbed by a shank. This uneven distribution of impact energy may lead to the fracture of the bolt in threaded portion .hence bolts of uniform strength are preferred.

 

 

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Q 3 d )

4

Question:

What is FRL unit? Explain its function


Answer:

FRL unit means Filter Regulator and Lubricator Unit Function of FRL unit Filter (F) – 1) To remove the micron and sub-micron particles present in the entering air of compressor 2) Used to separate out contaminants like dust, dirt particles from the compressed air Regulator (R)–In pneumatic system the pressure of compressed air may not stable due to possibility of line fluctuation. Hence there is a need to maintain and regulate the air pressure. This function is performed by regulator. Lubricator (L) – Sliding components like spool, a pneumatic cylinder has sliding motion between parts. It may cause friction and wear and tear at mating parts. To reduce friction, lubricating oil particles are added in the compressed air with the help of lubricator

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Q 3 e )

4

Question:

What is scavenging in I.C. engine ? State its types.


Answer:

Scavenging :

In two stroke engines , at the end of expansion stroke, combustion chamber is full of products of combustion. This is due to elimination of exhaust stroke like in four stroke engine. Scavenging is the process of clearing the cylinder after the expansion stroke. This is done short duration of time available between end of expansion and start of charging process. Types of scavenging : 1. Uniflow scavenging process 2. Cross scavenging process 3. Loop or reverse scavenging process

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Q 3 e )

4

Question:

Prove that for a square key sc = 2t where sc = crushing stress t = shear stress.


Answer:

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Q 3 e )

4

Question:

Draw pilot operated DA cylinder circuit using 4 × 2 DC valve and 3 × 2 pilot valve


Answer:

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Q 3 f )

4

Question:

Explain with neat sketch working principle of epicyclic gear train.


Answer:

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Q 4 a )

4

Question:

Generally, the lower side is kept “Tight side” and upper side is kept as “Slack side” with the belt drives having small driving pulley and big driven pulley. Why ?


Answer:

Power transmission in belt drive depends on angle of lap and frictional grip between belt and pulley. As slack side is at upper side angle of lap and grip increases.

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Q 4a)(a)

4

Question:

Explain the process of combustion in diesel engine.


Answer:

Combustion in CI Engines :The combustion in CI engines is taking place in following stages as shown in figure 1. Ignition delay period: During this period, some fuel has been admitted but not yet ignited. The delay period is a sort of preparatory phase. It is counted from the start of injection to the point where P-ɵ curve separates from air compression curve. 2. Rapid or uncontrolled combustion : In this stage , the pressure rises rapid because during the delay period the fuel droplets have time to spray and have fresh air around them. This period is counted from end of delay period to the max pressure on indicator diagram. 3. Controlled combustion : uncontrolled combustion is followd by controlled combustion stage. The period of this stage assumed to be at the end of max cycle temperature. 4. After burning : It is expected to end combustion process after third stage. Because of poor distribution of fuel particles combustion still continues during remaining part of expansion stroke. This is after burning .

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Q 4a)(b)

4

Question:

Explain battery ignition in S.I. engine.


Answer:

Battery Ignition system : It consists of a battery of 6 or 12 volts, ignition switch, induction coil, condenser, distributor and a circuit breaker. One terminal of battery is ground to the frame of the engine and other is connected through the ignition switch to one primary terminal of the ignition coil . The other terminal is connected to one end of contact points of the circuit breaker. To start with the ignition switch is made on and the engine is cranked. The contacts touch, the current flows from battery through the switch. A condenser connected across the terminals of the contact breaker points prevent the sparking at these points. The rotating cam breaks open the contacts immediately and breaking of this primary circuit brings about a change in the magnetic fields and voltage changes from 12 to 12000 V. due to the high voltage. The spark jumps across the gap in the spark plug and air fuel mixture is ignited in the cylinder

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Q 4a)(c)

4

Question:

State the norms of Bharat stage III and IV


Answer:

Bharat stage III and IV norms :

Petrol Emission Norms (All figures in g/km) Emission Norm CO HC NOx HC+NOx PM BS-III 2.30 0.20 0.15 --- --- BS-IV 1.00 0.10 0.08 --- --- Diesel Emission Norms (All figures in g/km) Emission Norm CO HC NOx HC+NOx PM BS-III 0.64 --- 0.50 0.56 0.05 BS-IV 0.50 --- 0.25 0.30 0.025

CO emissions are Carbon Monoxide emissions are are more evident in Petrol engines. Long Term exposure can prevent oxygen transfer and increase headaches/nausea. HC emissions are Hydrocarbons which are again more prevalent in Petrol engines. Short term exposure can cause headaches, vomiting and disorientation. NOx emissions are Nitrogen Oxide emissions which are more prevalent in Diesel engines. Long Term exposure can cause Nose and eye irritation and damage lung tissue. PM is Particulate matter, again more prevalent in a Diesel engine. Long Term exposure can harm the respiratory tract and reduce lung function.

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Q 4a)(d)

4

Question:

State different methods for improving thermal efficiency of gas turbine and explain any one.


Answer:

 

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Q 4a)(i)

4

Question:

State four examples of ergonomic considerations in the design of a lathe machine.


Answer:

Ergonomics consideration in the design of Lathe machine Any 4 1) The controls on lathe should be easily accessible and properly positioned. 2) the control operation should involve minimum motions. 3) Height of lathe should be match with worker for operation 4)Lathe machine should make less noise during operation. 5) force& power capacity required in turning the wheel as per operation or human being can apply normally. 6) should get required accuracy in operation.

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Q 4a)(i)

4

Question:

What is the use of direction control valve? Explain with sketch.


Answer:

1. DC valves are used to release, stop or redirect the fluid that flows through it. 2. DCV is used to control the direction of fluid flow in any hydraulic system and changing the position of internal movable parts. 3. To start, stop, accelerate, decelerate and change the direction of motion of a hydraulic actuator. 4. To permit the free flow from the pump to the reservoir at low pressure when the pump’s delivery is not needed into the system. 5. To vent the relief valve by either electrical or mechanical control. 6. To isolate certain branch of a circuit. The following circuit shows use of 3/2 DC valve. When the lever is operated, port A is connected to exhaust port ,i.e change in direction of the piston. (Alternative sketch can be considered) 

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Q 4a)(ii)

4

Question:

Write the equation with Wahl’s factor, used for design of helical coil spring. State the SI unit of each term in the equation


Answer:

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Q 4a)(ii)

4

Question:

Draw bleed off circuit and label it


Answer:

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Q 4a)(iii)

4

Question:

State four important modes of gear failure.


Answer:

Modes of Gear Failure: ANY 4 modes 1. Bending failure. Every gear tooth acts as a cantilever. If the total repetitive dynamic load acting on the gear tooth is greater than the beam strength of the gear tooth, then the gear tooth will fail in bending, 2. Pitting. It is the surface fatigue failure which occurs due to many repetition of Hertz contactstresses. 3. Scoring. The excessive heat is generated when there is an excessive surface pressure, high speed or supply of lubricant fails. 4. Abrasive wear. The foreign particles in the lubricants such as dirt, dust or burr enter betweenthe tooth and damage the form of tooth. 5. Corrosive wear. The corrosion of the tooth surfaces is mainly caused due to the presence ofcorrosive elements such as additives present in the lubricating oils

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Q 4a)(iii)

4

Question:

What are the limitations of pneumatic system?


Answer:

1. Relatively low accuracy: As pneumatic systems are powered by the force provided by compressed air, their operation is subject to the volume of the compressed air. As the volume of air may change when compressed or heated, the supply of air to the system may not be accurate, causing a decrease in the overall accuracy of the system. 2. Low loading: As the cylinders of pneumatic components are not very large, a pneumatic system cannot drive loads that are too heavy. 3. Processing required before use Compressed air must be processed before use to ensure the absence of water vapour or dust. Otherwise, the moving parts of the pneumatic components may wear out quickly due to friction. 4. Uneven moving speed: As air can easily be compressed, the moving speeds of the pistons are relatively uneven. 5. Noise: Noise will be produced when compressed air is released from the pneumatic components. 6. Lubricator: Lubricator is required to add lubricant oil to compressed air to reduce friction.

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Q 4a)(iv)

4

Question:

Draw symbol of: 1) 2 × 2 DC valve 2) Fixed type flow control valve 3) Pressured relief valve. 4) Muffler


Answer:

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Q 4a)(iv)

4

Question:

State four disadvantages of screwed joints.


Answer:

Four Disadvantages of screwed joints: 1) Screwed joints are weaker than welded joint 2) Screwed joints weakens( due to holes) the parts that are to be joined. 3) Stress concentration in the threaded portion of screw makes them weak. 4) Locking arrangement is required in case of vibrations

 

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Q 4 b )

4

Question:

Describe with neat sketch the working of Oldham’s coupling.


Answer:

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Q 4b)(a)

6

Question:

Define – (i) Indicated power, (ii) Mechanical efficiency, (iii) BSFC


Answer:

i) Indicated Power (ip) is defined as the power developed by combustion of fuel in the cylinder of engine. It is always more than brake power. ii) Mechanical efficiency : ηm : It is a measure of mechanical perfection of the engine or its ability to transmit power developed in the engine cylinder to the crank shaft . It is defined as the ratio of brake power to indicated power of the engine

iii) B.S.F.C: It is the weight of fuel required to develop 1KW of the brake power for period of 1 hour. Unit of B.S.F.C is Kg/KW h. It is defined as the amount of fuel consumed per unit of break power developed per hour.

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Q 4b)(b)

6

Question:

List the additives of lubricant used in S.I engine and state their advantages.


Answer:

Additives (any six ) (1) Detergents – To keep engine parts, such as piston and piston rings, clean & free from deposits. (2) Dispersants – To suspend & disperse material that could form varnishes, sludge etc that clog the engine. (3) Anti – wear – To give added strength & prevent wear of heavily loaded surfaces such as crank shaft rods & main bearings. (4) Corrosion inhibitors – To fight the rust wear caused by acids moisture. Protect vital steel & iron parts from rust & corrosion. (5) Foam inhibitors – control bubble growth, break them up quickly to prevent frothing & allow the oil pump to circulate oil evenly. (6)Viscosity index improver – added to adjust the viscosity of oil. (7) Pour point depressant - improves an oil ability to flow at very low temperature

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Q 4b)(i)

6

Question:

What is the meaning of unidirectional air motor and bi directional air motor? Explain with sketch and draw symbol of both


Answer:

Operating or moving or allowing movement in one direction only. It runs in one direction only. It does not run in the other direction. Unidirectional motor can be operated by using 3/2 DC valve as shown in fig. Bidirectional air motor: Functioning or allowing movement in two usually opposite directions. It can runs in both direction. Bi-directional motor can be operated by using 4/3 DC valve as shown in fig

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Q 4b)(i)

6

Question:

Explain the design procedure of shaft on the basis of torsional rigidity. State the equation with SI units. State two applications of this approach.


Answer:

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Q 4b)(ii)

6

Question:

Compare linear actuators and rotary actuators.


Answer:

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Q 4b)(ii)

6

Question:

Draw S-N curve. Explain the concept of endurance limit and its need in design of machine elements


Answer:

 

 

Endurance Limit: It is defined as maximum value of the completely reversed bending stress which a polished standard specimen can withstand without failure, for infinite number of cycles (usually 107 cycles).It is known as endurance or fatigue limit (ϭe). Need of Endurance Limit in Machine Design: Endurance limit is used to describe a property of materials: the amplitude (or range) of cyclic stress that can be applied to the material without causing fatigue failure.

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Q 4 c )

4

Question:

Distinguish between flywheel and governor.


Answer:

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Q 4 d )

4

Question:

Discuss the working of Rope brake dynamometer with the help of a neat sketch.


Answer:

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Q 4 e )

4

Question:

Explain the working of internal expanding shoe brake with the help of neat sketch.


Answer:

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Q 4 f )

4

Question:

Explain the process of balancing of single rotating mass by a single mass rotating in the same plane.


Answer:

m = Mass attached to shafts,

r = Distance of CG from axis of rotation.

Consider mass ‘m’ is attached to rotating shaft at a radius are then the centrifugal force exerted by mass ‘M’ on the shaft is

Fc = Mw2R Where,

W = Angular velocity of shaft

R = Distance of CG from axis of rotation

M = Mass attached to shaft.

Due to continuous rotation of shaft the centrifugal force developed will be continuously changing its direction. It will cause bending moment on shaft. To counter act the effect of centrifugal force the balance weight may be introduced in same plane of rotation. This balance weight should be attached it will result in exactly equal but opposite centrifugal force to that of disturbing weight ‘M’.

The balanced centrifugal force is given by Fb = mbw2Rb For balancing the shaft – Mw2R = mbw2Rb.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Q 5 a )

8

Question:

A power screw on a machine has single start square thread with a non rotating bronze nut. Axial force on the screw is 15 kN. Allowable stresses for screw material in compression and shear are 85 MPa and 37 MPa respectively. Allowable bearing pressure for the screw nut pair is 5 MPa. Find (i) Core diameter of screw (ii) Length of the nut (iii) Efficiency of power screw in coefficient of friction between screw and nut is 0.12. (iv) Shear stresses in the threads of screw and nut.


Answer:

 

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Q 5 a )

8

Question:

Explain with neat sketch construction and working of ice plant.


Answer:

Working of Ice plant: The main cycle used for ice plant is vapor compression cycle with ammonia as the refrigerant in primary circuit and brine solution in secondary circuit. Brine solution takes heat from water in secondary circuit and delivers the heat to ammonia in primary circuit. Thus, the indirect method of cooling is used in ice plant. In secondary circuit brine is cooled in evaporator and then it is circulated around the can which contains water. The heat is extracted from the water in the can and is given to the brine. The brine is contentiously circulated around the can with the help of brine pump till entire water in the can is converted into ice at -6 0 C. Ammonia vapor coming out of evaporator is compressed to high pressure and then these vapors are condensed in the condenser. High pressure liquid ammonia is collected in the receiver and it is passed through the expansion valve to reduce its pressure and temperature as per requirement. The throttle liquid ammonia at low temperature & low pressure enters in evaporator, which are the coils dipped in brine tank. The liquid ammonia absorbs heat from brine and gets converted into vapors, which are drawn by suction line of compressor.

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Q 5 a )

8

Question:

In a slider crank mechanism the length of crank and connecting rod are 100mm and 40mm respectively. The crank rotates uniformly at 600 rpm clockwise. Then crank has turned through 45° from I.D.C. Find by analytical method. (i) Velocity and acceleration of slider (ii) Angular velocity and angular acceleration of connecting rod.


Answer:

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Q 5a)(i)

8

Question:

Draw symbol of any three types of Hydraulic motors.


Answer:

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Q 5a)(ii)

8

Question:

What is impulse circuit? Explain


Answer:

the main valve using the impulse of an impulse valve. As shown in fig. in circuit has two valves ; main valve and impulse valve. Main valve is a single pilot operated spring return type 4/2 direction control valve. Impulse valve is palm button operated spring return type 3/2 direction control valve. In normal position of valves, the double acting cylinder is in retracted position. When the palm button of impulsive valve is pressed manually, compressed air flows to the pilot port of main valve. Hence the speed of main valve will be shifted to the second position. Double acting cylinder is extends.

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Q 5 b )

8

Question:

Design a helical compression spring with ground ends. The spring index is 12. Maximum load on the spring is 100N and deflection under maximum load is 15 mm. Allowable shear stress of the material is 100 MPa and modulus of rigidity is 4 MPa. Find wire and spring diameters, number of coils and stiffness of spring.


Answer:

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Q 5 b )

8

Question:

Explain construction and working of gear pump.


Answer:

It consists of a pump housing in which a pair of precisely machined meshing gears runs with minimal radial and axial clearance as shown in fig. One of the gears, called a driver, is driven by a prime mover. The driver drives another gear called a follower. As the teeth of the two gears separate, the fluid from the pump inlet gets trapped between the rotating gear cavities and pump housing. The trapped fluid is then carried around the periphery of the pump casing and delivered to outlet port. The teeth of precisely meshed gears provide almost a perfect seal between the pump inlet and the pump outlet. When the driver is rotated by prime mover and driven will also rotate. Thus partial vacuum is created at the inlet of the pump. Fluid is forced to enter into the pump at atmospheric pressure. Fluid is trapped in the pockets between teeth and the casing and carried towards the outlet port. 

 

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Q 5 b )

8

Question:

A single cylinder reciprocating compressor has a bore of 120 mm and a stroke of 150 mm. and is driven at a speed of 1200 rpm. It is compressing CO2 gas from a pressure of 120 Kpa and temp. of 20°C to a temp. of 215°C. Assuming polytropic compression with n = 1.3, no clearance and volumetric efficiency of 100% calculate (i) pressure ratio, (ii) Indicated power, (iii) shaft power with mech. efficiency 80%, (iv) mass flow rate


Answer:

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Q 5 b )

8

Question:

Draw profile of cam to raise the valve with S.H.M. through 5cm in 120° of revolution, keep it fully raised through 30° and lower it with equal uniform acceleration and retardation through 90° of rotation. The valve remain closed during the rest of rotation. The diameter of the roller is 2 cm and the minimum radius of the cam is 5cm. The axis of the valve rod is offset 2cm from the axis of the shaft. Assume the cam rotating in clockwise direction.


Answer:

 

 

 

 

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Q 5 c )

8

Question:

Explain working of directly operated (Poppet type) check valve with neat sketch.


Answer:

When oil under pressure is supplied to port A, the oil exerts pressure on the ball against the spring force, hence the ball will be lifted off from its seat and creates a passage for

 

 

oil to flow. Hence oil can flow from port A to port B. when under pressure is supplied in opposite direction that is to port B, the oil force the ball to sit firmly in its seat, hence the passage is closed by ball. The oil cannot flow port B to port A.

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Q 5 c )

8

Question:

Explain with neat sketch construction and working of constant volume gas turbine.


Answer:

Constant volume gas turbine Working:- Air from surrounding atmosphere is drawn in compressor and is compressed to a pressure of about 3 kN/m2 . The compressed air is then admitted to the combustion chamber through the inlet valve. When inlet valve is closed, the fuel oil is admitted by means of a separate fuel pump into combustion chamber containing compressed air. The mixture (of air and fuel oil) is then ignited by an electric spark, the pressure rising to about 12 kN/m2 , whilst the volume remains constant. Thus combustion takes place at constant volume.

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Q 5 c )

8

Question:


Answer:

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Q 5c)(i)

8

Question:

 State the steps involved in selection of a proper ball bearing from a manufacturer’s catalogue.


Answer:

Steps Involved in selection of a proper ball bearing from Manufacture’s Cataloge

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Q 5c)(ii)

8

Question:

State two engineering applications of each of Acme and Buttress thread profiles with neat sketches.


Answer:

Engg. Application of ACME Thread profiles : 1)screw cutting lathes,2) brass valves,3) cocks and 4) bench vices.

 

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Q 6 a )

4

Question:

Derive strength equation for parallel fillet weld subjected to tensile load.


Answer:

Derivation of strength equation for parallel fillet weld subjected to tensile load The parallel fillet welded joints are designed for shear strength. Consider a double parallel fillet welded joint as shown in Fig.

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Q 6 a )

4

Question:

In cold climate why oil tank is equipped with oil heaters? Explain.


Answer:

Oil heaters:  When hydraulic circuit works in cold climate, then oil is solidifies below 5 o C temperature.  To liquefy the oil electrical heater or thermostatic heater are equipped with oil tank.  This increase the operating and maintenance cost of hydraulic system  The cost of hydraulic system is higher.  It heats the oil so that its viscosity increases and it can flow in the system smoothly.  Thermostatically controlled oil heater commonly used

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Q 6 a )

4

Question:

 What is the necessity of purification of air in compressor and how it is done ?


Answer:

Necessity of purification of air in compressor :

Air contains dust and dirt particles which are dangerous to the compressor valves and operation . so purification of air is necessary. It is the process of separating emulsified, suspended and separate oil as well as other contaminations from water phase of compressed air. Air cleaners are used for purification process of air . it reduces noise level also. Following are different types of air cleaners 1. Oil bath type air cleaner 2. Dry type air cleaner 3. Oil wetted type air cleaner 4. Paper pleated type air cleaner 5. Centrifugal type air cleaner

 

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Q 6a)(i)

4

Question:

Define the following terms as applied to cam with neat sketch. (1) Pitch circle (2) Pressure angle (3) Stroke of follower (4) Module


Answer:

(1) Pitch circle- Circle drawn from centre of cam through pitch points.

(2) Pressure angle- Angle between direction of follower motion and normal to pitch curve.

(3) Stroke- Maximum travel of follower from its lowest position to top most position.

(4) Module –(Gears) – Ratio of pitch circle diameter in mm to No. of teeth on gear.

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Q 6a)(ii)

4

Question:

Differentiate between disc brake and internally expanding brake.


Answer:

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Q 6 b )

8

Question:

PQRS is a four bar chain with link PS fixed. The lengths of links are PQ = 62.5mm, QR = 175mm, RS = 112.5mm and PS = 200mm, The crank PQ rotates at 10 rad/sec clockwise. Draw velocity and acceleration diagram, when angle QPS = 60° and Q and R lie on the same side of PS. Find the angular velocity and angular acceleration of links QR and RS.


Answer:

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Q 6 b )

4

Question:

State two applications of leaf spring. Draw neat sketch of leaf spring


Answer:

Application of Leaf spring Bus/truck/Car suspension springs, diving board, Sketch of Leaf Spring of semi elliptical Type

 

Given Data: D=250 mm , P=1.5 N/mm2 , n =12 Nos. ,σt = 30 Mpa

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Q 6 b )

4

Question:

Compare meter in circuit and meter out circuit


Answer:

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Q 6 b )

4

Question:

A diesel engine has a compression ratio of 14 and cut-off takes place at 6% of stroke. Find the air standard efficiency.


Answer:

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Q 6 c )

8

Question:

Determine the power lost in a footstep bearing due to friction if a load of 15 kN is supported and the shaft is rotating at 100 r.p.m. The diameter of bearing is 15cm and coefficient of friction is 0.05. Assume : (i) Uniform wear condition (ii) Uniform pressure condition.


Answer:

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Q 6 c )

4

Question:

A steam engine cylinder has effective diameter of 250 mm. It is subjected to maximum steam pressure of 1.5 MPa. The cylinder cover is fixed to the cylinder with the help of 12 bolts. The pitch circle diameter of bolts is 400 mm. Permissible tensile stress of the bolt material is 30 MPa. Determine nominal diameter of the bolts.


Answer:

 

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Q 6 c )

4

Question:

Draw the hydraulic circuit for shaping machine. Explain its working


Answer:

 

Parts of shaper machine: Fixed DA cylinder, spool type DC valve, spool shaft stroke adjusting lever, pump, pressure relief valve, return line with filter, oil reservoir. Working: Forward stroke: As shown in fig ,the pump is supplying oil to DA cylinder through DC valve and through port B. Hence piston will move from right to left with force and this is a cutting stroke. Backward Stroke: When lever touches the stopper, then spool shifts to right and flow directions in DC valve change. The oil is entering through port A of DA cylinder and piston will move from left to right. During this stroke, the tool post slightly lift with ideal stroke.

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Q 6 c )

4

Question:

Define (i) Dew point temp. (ii) Wet bulb temp


Answer:

i) DPT – Dew point temperature tDP - It is the temperature at which air water vapour mixture starts to condense. D.P.T. of mixture is defined as the temperature at which water vapours starts to condense.

Ii) WBT - Wet bulb temperature - tWB - It is the temperature recorded by thermometer when its bulb is covered with wet cloth known as wick and is exposed to air.

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Q 6 d )

4

Question:

Explain the principle of Ram jet with neat sketch


Answer:

Ram jet – (Fig – 2 marks ; explanation –2 marks) - Ram jet is also called as ‘Athodyd or flying stove pipe’. - It is a steady combustion or continuous flow engine & has the simplest construction of any propulsion engine. - Consist of inlet diffuser, combustion chamber & exit nozzle. - Air entering into ram jet with supersonic speed is slowed down to sonic speed in supersonic diffuser, increasing air pressure. - The air pressure is further increased in the subsonic diffuser. - The fuel injected into the combustion chamber is burned with the help of flame stabilizers. The high temp & high pressure gases are passed through the nozzle converting the pressure energy into kinetic energy. - It is not self operating at zero flight velocity. It requires launching rockets.

 

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Q 6 d )

4

Question:

Differentiate between sliding contact and rolling contact type bearings.


Answer:

 

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Q 6 d )

4

Question:

Draw constructional details of pneumatic hose. Why hose is required in pneumatic circuits?


Answer:

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Q 6 e )

4

Question:

Draw neat sketch of split air conditioner and name the parts.


Answer:

Split Air-conditioner labeled Diagram 02 for figure 02 for labeling

 

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Q 6 e )

4

Question:

State one application each of (i) Deep groove ball bearing (ii) Taper roller bearing (iii) Thrust roller bearing (iv) Needle roller bearing


Answer:

Application of bearings : …… i) Deep Groove Ball bearing : Electric Motor ii) Taper roller bearing : axle housing of automobile iii) Thrust collar bearing: Clutch of automobile iv) Needle roller bearing: Differential of automobile

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Q 6 e )

4

Question:

A taper roller bearing has a dynamic load capacity of 26 kN. The desired life for 90% of the bearing is 8000 hr. and speed is 300 rpm. Calculate equivalent radial load that the bearing can carry


Answer:

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Q 6 e )

4

Question:

How can the speed control of any actuator be achieved? Explain the speed control circuit of bi directional air motor with sketch.


Answer:

Speed control of any actuator (Cylinders or motors) can be controlled using flow control valves. Varying the rate of flow of oil will vary the speed of the actuator.(Explanation 1Mark)  In meter in circuit, rate of flow of oil is controlled at inlet of the actuator.  In meter out circuit, rate of flow of oil is controlled at outlet of the actuator.  In bleed off circuit, rate of flow of oil is controlled in the by-pass line leading towards the tank. Speed control of bi-directional air motor: (Sketch 1Marks and Explanation 2 Marks) Bi-directional air motor rotates in clockwise as well as anti-clockwise direction. The speed of bi-directional motor is controlled as shown in fig. The speed control of motor by using variable two flow control valves having built-in check valve and 4x3 DC valve having zero position or central hold position with lever L1 and L2. When lever L1 is operated, port P will be connected to port A of air motor and motor will start rotating in clockwise direction. Its speed can be controlled by using variable flow control valve F1. Port B of motor will be connected to exhaust R and air in motor will be exhausted through port R via DC valve. When lever L2 is operated, pressure port P will be connected to port B of motor and naturally motor will start rotating in anticlockwise direction. Port A will be connected to port R and air in the motor will be exhausted through port R via DC valve.

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Examination: 2015 SUMMER
Que.No Marks
Q 1a)(a)

2

Question:

Define kinematic link and kinematic chain. 


Answer:

Each part of a machine, which moves relative to some other part, is known as a kinematic link.

When the kinematic pairs are coupled in such a way that the last link is joined to the first link to transmit definite motion (i.e. completely or successfully constrained motion), it is called a kinematic chain.

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Q 1a)(a)

4

Question:

Write the equations for air standard efficiency of otto cycle and diesel cycle and state various terms involved in it.


Answer:

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Q 1a)(b)

2

Question:

Enlist the different type of follower motion.


Answer:

Motion of the Follower :

1. Uniform velocity,                                                             2. Simple harmonic motion,

3. Uniform acceleration and retardation, and             4. Cycloidal motion.

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Q 1a)(b)

4

Question:

 Define : i) Compression ratio (Rc) ii) Swept volume (vs) iii) Cut off ratio iv) Clearance volume (vc)


Answer:

 

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Q 1a)(c)

4

Question:

Write uses of compressed air.


Answer:

 Uses of compressed air:- 1. Cleaning automobiles 2. Pneumatic tools 3. Supercharging in I.C. engines 4. Cooling of large building 5. Construction of bridges, roads etc. 6. Spraying points 7. Spraying fuel in high speed diesel engine 8. Starting of I.C. engines

 

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Q 1a)(c)

2

Question:

Define angle of lap and slip in belt drive.


Answer:

Slip of belt : The motion of belts and shafts assuming a firm frictional grip between the belts and the shafts. But sometimes, the frictional grip becomes insufficient. This may cause some forward motion of the driver without carrying the belt with it. This may also cause some forward motion of the belt without carrying the driven pulley with it. This is called slip of the belt and is generally expressed as a percentage.

Angle of Lap : The angle of lap is defined as the angle subtended by the portion of the belt which is in contact at the pulley surface of the pulley.

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Q 1a)(d)

4

Question:

Draw a neat sketch of vane compressor and label the different parts.


Answer:

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Q 1a)(d)

2

Question:

State four conditions under which the ‘V’ belt drive is selected.


Answer:

Conditions for ‘V’ Belt drive selection :

 1. Great amount of Power to be transmitted,

2. Requirement of the high velocity ratio (maximum 10).

3. Small Centre distance between the shafts

4. Positive drive requirement

5. Compact Space

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Q 1a)(e)

2

Question:

State the function of Governor in an I.C. engine.


Answer:

The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine, when there are variations in the load e.g. when the load on an engine increases, its speed decreases, therefore it becomes necessary to increase the supply of working fluid. On the other hand, when the load on the engine decreases, its speed increases and thus less working fluid is required. The governor automatically controls the supply of working fluid to the engine with the varying load conditions and keeps the mean speed within certain limits.

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Q 1a)(f)

2

Question:

State four applications of flywheel.


Answer:

Applications of flywheel : Used in Internal combustion engines, press machines, mills, punching machines.

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Q 1a)(g)

2

Question:

Give the classification of dynamometer. State the function of it.


Answer:

Function of dynamometer: A dynamometer is a brake but in addition it has a device to measure the frictional resistance. Knowing the frictional resistance, we may obtain the torque transmitted and hence the power of the engine.

Absorption type dynamometers:

1. Prony brake dynamometer, and 2. Rope brake dynamometer.

Transmission type dynamometers

1. Epicyclic-train dynamometer, 2. Belt transmission dynamometer, and 3. Torsion dynamometer.

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Q 1a)(h)

2

Question:

Why is balancing of rotating parts necessary for high speed engines ?


Answer:

The high speed of engines and other machines is a common phenomenon now-a-days. It is, therefore, very essential that all the rotating and reciprocating parts should be completely balanced as far as possible. If these parts are not properly balanced, the dynamic forces are set up.

These forces not only increase the loads on bearings and stresses in the various members, but also produce unpleasant and even dangerous vibrations. The balancing of unbalanced forces is caused by rotating masses, in order to minimize pressure on the main bearings when an engine is running.

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Q 1b)(a)

6

Question:

What is the necessity of I.C. Engine Testing ? What are the different test carried out on I.C. Engines ?


Answer:

Necessity of I.C. engine testing i) To get information, that is not possible to be determine by calculations. ii) To confirm the validity of data used while designing the engine. iii) To satisfy the customer as to rated power with guarantied fuel consumption. iv) To reduce the cost and to improve the power output and reliability of an engine. v) To know & improve the performance of an engine. Test carried out on I.C. Engine – 1) Commercial Tests 2) Thermodynamic Tests 1) Commercial Tests – These tests are carried out in order to check following a) Rated power out-put with guarantied fuel consumption in kg/kw hr b) Quantity of lubricating oil per kw-hr c) Quantity of cooling water per kw-hr d) Steadiness of engine under varied load conditions e) Overload carrying capacity of the engine 2) Thermodynamic Tests – These tests are carried out for the purpose of comparing actual results with theoretical results by measuring following parameters and then drawing heat balance sheet. i) Indicated power ii) Brake power iii) Frictional power iv) Rate of fuel consumption v) Rate of flow of cooling water and its temperature rise vi) Heat carried by exhaust gas

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Q 1b)(a)

4

Question:

Define completely constrained motion and successfully constrained motion with neat sketch. State one example of each.


Answer:

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Q 1b)(b)

6

Question:

Explain the procedure for conducting Morse test.


Answer:

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Q 1b)(b)

4

Question:

Explain working principle of clutch. State its location in transmission system of an automobile.


Answer:

A friction clutch has its principal application in the transmission of power of shafts and machines, which must be started and stopped frequently. The force of friction is used to start the driven shaft from rest and gradually brings it up to the proper speed without excessive slipping of the friction surfaces. In automobiles, friction clutch is used to connect the engine to the driven shaft. In operating such a clutch, care should be taken so that the friction surfaces engage easily and gradually brings the driven shaft up to proper speed.

                                                                                   Location: Between the engine and gear box.

 

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Q 1b)(c)

4

Question:

Compare cross belt drive and open belt drive on the basis of (i) velocity ratio (ii) application (iii) direction of driven pulley (iv) length of belt drive


Answer:

             Comparison between cross belt drive and open belt drive :

 

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Q 2 a )

8

Question:

An I.C. Engine uses 6 kg of fuel having calorific value 44000 kJ/kg in one hour. The IP developed is 18 kW. The temperature of 11.5 kg of cooling water was found to rise through 25°C per minute. The temperature of 42 kg of exhaust gas with specific heat 1 kJ/kg°k was found to rise through 220°C. Draw the heat balance sheet for the engine.


Answer:

 

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Q 2 a )

4

Question:

Differentiate machine and structure on any four points.


Answer:

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Q 2 b )

8

Question:

What is the necessity of multistage compression ? Explain the working of two stage reciprocating air compressor with intercooler, with the help of p-v diagram.


Answer:

Necessity of multistage compression i) As index of compression ‘n’ increases it increases compression work. ii) Increase in pressure ratio (P2/P1) it increases work as well as size of cylinder. iii) Increment in pressure ratio (P2/P1) beyond certain limit, volumetric efficiency decreases while it increases leakage loss on either sides the piston and valves. Due to above pointes and for higher pressure ratio compressor needs multistaging.

Fig. shows arrangement of two stage reciprocating air compressor with inter cooler and its working shown on P.V. diagram plane. Processes occurred in the cycle  - 1 – 2 – suction process by LP cylinder to draw atmospheric pressure  - 2 – 3 – compression process by LP cylinder up to pressure P2  - 3 – 4 – delivery of compressed air into the air cooler  - 4 – 5 – during this process air rejects the heat to the cold water and at the same time suction process by HP cylinder to draw air from air cooler.  - 5 – 6 – compression pressure by HP cylinder up to required pressure P3  - 6 – 7 – delivery of compressed air at required pressure to the point of use. This completes the process and system has shown saving in work shown by shaded portion.

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Q 2 b )

4

Question:

Explain with neat sketch working principle of Oldham’s coupling.


Answer:

When the driving shaft A is rotated, the flange C (link 1) causes the intermediate piece (link 4) to rotate at the same angle through which the flange has rotated, and it further rotates the flange D (link 3) at the same angle and thus the shaft B rotates. Hence links 1, 3 and 4 have the same angular velocity at every instant. A little consideration will show that there is a sliding motion between the link 4 and each of the other links 1 and 3.

 

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Q 2 c )

8

Question:

Explain vapour compression refrigeration (for dry saturated state of refrigerant) cycle with the help of P-h and T-s charts.


Answer:

 

 

 

Processes in VCR cycle 1) The point 1 represents condition of refrigerant at entry of compressor which is wet. Process 1 – 2 – Isentropic compression of refrigerant vapour till it becomes dry and saturated. Process 2 – 3 – Condensation of vapour refrigerant up to saturated liquid condition at constant pressure. Process 3 – 4 – Expansion of liquid refrigerant by expansion device. This reduces pressure as well as temperature of liquid refrigerant. Process 4 – 1 – Evaporation of liquid refrigerant in the evaporator thus establishing required refrigerating effect. Thus it completes one cycle of refrigeration. Refrigerating effect = RE = m (h1 – h4) Compressor power = m (h2 – h1) Where m = mass flow rate of refrigerant in kg/sec.

 

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Q 2 c )

4

Question:

Define linear velocity, angular velocity, absolute velocity and state the relation between linear velocity and angular velocity.


Answer:

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Q 2 d )

4

Question:

Describe stepwise procedure for determination of velocity and acceleration by Klein’s construction with suitable data.


Answer:

Steps in Klein’s construction :

 Klein’s construction is a simpler construction to get velocity and acceleration diagrams. For example : for reciprocating engine mechanism OPC. draw a circle with PC as diameter as shown. and obtain velocity diagram OCM ie. produce PC to cut perpendicular to line of stroke in ‘M’ . Draw another circle with ‘C’ as center and “CM” as radius cutting the first circle in points K and L. Join “KL” which is the chord common to both the circles. Let it cuts PC and OP in “Q” and “N” respectively. Then “OCQN” is the required quadrilateral which is similar to acceleration diagram.

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Q 2 e )

4

Question:

Draw a neat sketch of radial cam with roller follower and show the following on it : (i) Pitch point                      (ii) Pressure angle (iii) Prime circle                 (iv) Trace point


Answer:

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Q 2 f )

4

Question:

The central distance between two shaft is 4 m having two pulleys with diameter having 500 mm and 700 mm respectively. Find length of belt required (i) for open belt drive (ii) for cross belt drive


Answer:

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Q 3 a )

4

Question:

Draw actual valve timing diagram for 4-stroke petrol engine.


Answer:

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Q 3 a )

4

Question:

Draw a neat labelled sketch of “Multiplate Clutch”.


Answer:

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Q 3 b )

4

Question:

Explain turb charging with a neat sketch.


Answer:

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Q 3 b )

4

Question:

Why roller follower is preferred over a knife follower ? State two advantages and application of roller follower.


Answer:

In case of knife edge follower there is sliding motion between the contacting surface of cam and follower. Because of small contact area, there is excessive wear; therefore it is not frequently used. Whereas in roller follower there is rolling motion between contacting surfacing and more contact area, therefore rate of wear is greatly reduced.

Advantages: i) Less wear, more life ii) Less side thrust as compared to knife edge follower.

Application: Used in stationary oil and gas engines

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Q 3 c )

4

Question:

Write the procedure for balancing of a single rotating mass by single masses rotating in the same plane.


Answer:

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Q 3 c )

4

Question:

Explain three way catalytic convertor.


Answer:

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Q 3 d )

4

Question:

State the type of power transmission chains. Describe any one with its sketch.


Answer:

Types of power transmission chains :

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Q 3 d )

4

Question:

Explain with a neat sketch turbo propeller w.r.to Jet propulsion


Answer:

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Q 3 e )

4

Question:

PQRS is a four bar chain with PS fixed length of links are PQ = 62.5 mm, QR =175 mm, RS = 112.5 mm, PS = 200 mm. The crank PQ rotate at 10 rad/sec. in clockwise direction. Determine the angular velocity of point R, graphically by using relative velocity method.  


Answer:

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Q 3 e )

4

Question:

Explain the concept of super heating and sub cooling with the help of P-h and T-s charts


Answer:

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Q 3 f )

4

Question:

Crank OA of a mechanism is hinged at ‘O’ and rotates at an angular velocity of 20 rad/sec. and angular acceleration of 25 rad/sec2 . If crank OA is 50 mm long determine linear velocity, centripetal acceleration and tangential acceleration of a point A.


Answer:

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Q 4 a )

4

Question:

Explain the phenomenon of slip and creep in a belt drive. State its effect on velocity ratio.


Answer:

Slip of the belt:  A firm frictional grip between belt and shaft is essential. But sometimes it becomes insufficient. This may cause some forward motion of the belt without carrying the driven pulley with it. This called as slip of the belt. It is expressed as a percentage.

Effect on velocity ratio: Result of belt slipping is to reduce the velocity ratio of the system.

Creep in belt drive : When the belt passes from slack side to tight side, a certain portion of the belt extends and it contracts again when the belt passes from tight sight to slack side. Due to these changes in length, there is a relative motion between the belt and the pulley surfaces. This relative motion is called as creep.

Effect on velocity ratio: The total effect of creep is to reduce slightly the speed of the driven pulley or follower.

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Q 4 a )

4

Question:

What are the causes of detonation in I.C. engine ?


Answer:

The loud pulsating noise heard within the engine cylinder is known as detonation. The following are the certain factors which causes detonation. (1) The shape of the combustion chamber. (2) The relative position of the sparking plugs in case of petrol engines. (3) The chemical nature of the fuel. (4) The initial temp & pressure of fuel (5) The rate of combustion of that portion of fuel which is the first to ignite. This portion of fuel in heating up , compresses the remaining unburnt fuel, thus producing the condition for auto ignition to occur.

 

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Q 4 b )

4

Question:

Explain with the diagram working of crank and slotted lever quick return mechanism.


Answer:

Crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism:

 This mechanism is mostly used in shaping machines, slotting machines and in rotary internal combustion engines. In this mechanism, the link AC (i.e. link 3) forming the turning pair is fixed, as shown in fig. The link 3 corresponds to the connecting rod of a reciprocating steam engine. The driving crank CB revolves with uniform angular speed about the fixed centre C. A sliding block attached to the crank pin at B slides along the slotted bar AP and thus causes AP to oscillate about the pivoted point A. A short link PR transmits the motion from AP to the ram which carries the tool and reciprocates along the line of stroke R1R2. The line of stroke of the ram (i.e. R1R2) is perpendicular to AC produced.

 

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Q 4 b )

4

Question:

What are the effects of pollutants on environment ?


Answer:

The major air pollutants emitted by petrol & diesel engines are CO2, CO, HC, NOx, SO2, smoke & lead vapour. Effect of CO: (1) Carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin forming carboy hemoglobin ,which reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood. (2) This leads to laziness, exhaustion of body & headache. (3) Prolong exposure can even leads to death. (4) It also affects cardiovascular system, thereby causing heart problem Effect of CO2: Causes respiratory disorder & suffocation. Effect of NOx: • It causes respiration irritation, headache, bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, impairment of lung, loss of appetite , & corrosion of teeth to human body. Effect of HC: • It has effect like reduced visibility, eye irritation , peculiar odour & damage to vegetation & acceleration the cracking of rubber products. • It induce cancer, affect DNA & cell growth are know a carcinogens. Effect of SO2: It is toxic & corrosive gas, human respiratory track of animals, plants & crops

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Q 4b)(a)

6

Question:

Explain with neat sketch turning moment diagram for a four-stroke engine.


Answer:

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Q 4b)(b)

6

Question:

The following results were obtained during Morse test on 4-stroke petrol engine. B.P. developed when all cylinders are working = 16.2 kW. B.P. developed when cylinder No. 1 cutt off = 11.55 kW. B.P. developed when cylinder No. 2 cut off = 11.63 kW B.P. developed when cylinder No. 3 cut off = 11.68 kW B.P. developed when cylinder No. 4 cut off = 11.51 kW Calculate mechanical efficiency of engine.


Answer:

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Q 4 c )

4

Question:

Explain with sketch working of hartnell governor.


Answer:

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Q 4 c )

4

Question:

What are the methods to improve thermal efficiency of gas turbine ? Explain any one method.


Answer:

 

 

 

 

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Q 4 d )

4

Question:

Explain working of hydraulic brake dynamometer with sketch.


Answer:

Hydraulic dynamometer is also called as water brake absorber. Invented by British engineer William Froude in 1877 in response to a request by the Admiralty to produce a machine capable of absorbing and measuring the power of large naval engines, water brake absorbers are relatively common today. The schematic shows the most common type of water brake, known as the "variable level" type. Water is added until the engine is held at a steady RPM against the load, with the water then kept at that level and replaced by constant draining and refilling (which is needed to carry away the heat created by absorbing the horsepower). The housing attempts to rotate in response to the torque produced, but are restrained by the scale or torque metering cell that measures the torque.

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Q 4 d )

4

Question:

What is jet propulsion ? Give the classification of jet propulsion system.


Answer:

Jet Propulsion: This is done by expanding the gas which is at high temperature & pressure through the nozzle so that the gas with very high velocity leaves the nozzle giving thrust in opposite direction. - Principle is based on Newton’s Second & third law of motion. Jet propulsion – Classification (1) Atmospheric jet engines (breathing engine) -Turbojet engine - Turbo prop engines - Ram jet (2) Rocket engine (Non - breathing engine)

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Q 4 e )

4

Question:

Three masses 10 kg, 20 kg and 15 kg are attached at a point at radii of 20 cm, 25 cm and 15 cm respectively. If the angle between successive masses is 60° and 90°. Determine analytically the balancing mass to be attached at radius of 30 cm.


Answer:

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Q 4 f )

4

Question:

A thrust shaft of a ship has 6 collar of 600 mm external diameter and 300 mm internal diameter. The total thrust from the propeller shaft is 100 kN. If the coefficient of friction is 0.12 and speed of engine 90 rpm. Find power absorbed in friction at the thrust block using uniform pressure intensity condition.


Answer:

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Q 5 a )

8

Question:

Differentiate between reciprocating and rotary compressors


Answer:

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Q 5 a )

8

Question:

In reciprocating engine the crank is 250 mm long and connecting rod is 1000 mm long. The crank rotate at 150 rpm. Find velocity and acceleration of piston and angular velocity and angular acceleration of connecting rod when the crank makes an angle of 30° to IDC. Use analytical method.


Answer:

Solution of problem on Reciprocating Engine :

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Q 5 b )

8

Question:

Explain intercooling and reheating in gas turbine with the help of T-S diagram.


Answer:

LPC – LOW pressure cylinder HPC – high pressure cylinder CC – combustion chamber T – Turbine ( 2+ 2 marks) The net work of gas turbine cycle may be increased by saving some compression work. This is done by using several stages of compression with inter cooling of air between stages. The air from first stage of compression is cooled in inter cooler approximately to its initial temperature before entering to second stage of compressor. The effect of inter cooling is to decrease the network and increase the efficiency as compared to the simple ideal cycle without inter cooling. The ideal open gas turbine with inter cooling can be shown as 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 In first stage compressor atmospheric air is compressed from P1 to P2, it is them cooled from temperature T2 to T3 = T1 in the inter cooler at constant inter mediate pressure Px and finally compressed from Px to P2 in second stage or compressor.

ii) Gas turbine with reheatingCC – Combustion Chamber C – Compressor

 

 

By reheating or adding heat to exhaust gases after have passed through a part of the rows of turbine balding (or stages), a further increase in work done obtained. In reheating, the gas temperature which has dropped due to expansion is brought back to approximately the initial temperature for expansion in next stage. Since the working fluid contains about 85% of air, additional fuel can be burnt by injecting it into the gases without any additional air supply. The reheat cycle can be shown as 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6. The combustion gases from combustion chamber CC1 at temperature T3 is partially expanded in the HP turbine from P2 to intermediate pressure Px. After this, it is them passed through combustion chamber CC2 where it is reheated at constant pressure Px so that the temperature of gas is raised from T4 to T5. After this gas is expanded in second stage of turbine reheating is shown by shaded area

 

 

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Q 5 b )

8

Question:

Construct a cam profile with knife edge follower having an offset of 10 mm for the following data : Outstroke = 60° with SHM Dwell = 30° Return = 60° with uniform velocity and remaining is dwell period. Minimum radius of cam = 50 mm Lift of follower = 25 mm Consider the rotation of cam in clockwise direction.


Answer:

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Q 5 c )

8

Question:

Draw a neat sketch of vapour compression refrigeration cycle. Describe its working


Answer:

 

Vapour compression refrigeration cycle Vapour compression refrigeration cycle consist of four different processes 1) Compression 2) Condensation 3) Expansion 4) Evaporation Components and its functions 1) Compressor – The low pressure & temperature refrigerant from evaporator is drawn into compressor. It is compressed to a high pressure & high temp. vapour refrigerant is discharged into condenser. 2) Condenser – High pressure & temperature vapour refrigerant is cooled and condensed by using air or water & form liquid vapour refrigerant. Heat is rejected 3) Expansion valve – to control flow of refrigerant and reducing it pressure and temperature 4) Evaporator – liquid vapour refrigerant at low pressure and low temperature is evaporated by absorbing heat from system or substance and change into vapour refrigerant.

 

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Q 5 c )

8

Question:

A belt is required to transmit 10 kW from a motor running at 600 rpm. The belt is 12 mm thick and has a mass density 0.001 gm/mm3 . Safe stress in the belt is not to exceed 2.5 N/mm2 , diameter of the driving pulley is 250 mm whereas the speed of the driven pulley is 200 rpm. The two shafts are 1.25 m apart. The coefficient of friction is 0.25, determine (1) Angle of contact at driving pulley (2) The width of the belt


Answer:

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Q 6 a )

4

Question:

What is MPFI ? Explain any one MPFI system with neat sketch.


Answer:

The MPFI means multi point injection system. In this system each cylinder has number of injector to supply/ spray fuel in cylinder as compared to one injector located centrally to supply and spray fuel in case of single point injection system

 

 

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Q 6 a )

8

Question:

State the strength equations of double parallel fillet weld and single transverse fillet weld with neat sketches.


Answer:

 

Let t = Throat thickness (BD), s = Leg or size of weld, = Thickness of plate, and l = Length of weld, From Fig. 10.7, from above we find that the throat thickness, t = s × sin 45° = 0.707 s ∴*Minimum area of the weld or throat area, A = Throat thickness ×Length of weld= t × l = 0.707 s × l…….. If σt is the allowable tensile stress for the weld metal, then the tensile strength of the joint for single fillet weld, P = Throat area × Allowable tensile stress = 0.707 s × l × σt…….. and tensile strength of the joint for double fillet weld, P = 2 × 0.707 s × l × σt = 1.414 s × l × σt……..If τ is the allowable shear stress for the weld metal, then the shear strength of the joint for single parallel fillet weld, P = Throat area × Allowable shear stress = 0.707 s × l × τ and shear strength of the joint for double parallel fillet weld, P = 2 × 0.707 × s × l × τ = 1.414 s × l × τ …… The strength of the joint is given by the sum of strengths of single transverse and double parallel fillet welds. Mathematically, P = 0.707s × l1 × σt + 1.414 s × l2 × τ

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Q 6a)(i)

4

Question:

(i) Define ‘Gear Train’. State its purpose and types of gear train.  


Answer:

Definition: When two or more gears are made to mesh with each other to transmit power from one shaft to another. Such a combination is called gear train

Purpose: The purpose of the train used is

To obtain correct & required velocity ratio between driver & driven shafts.

To decide upon the relative position of the axes of shafts.

To decide upon amount of power to be transmitted between shafts

Types: Following are the different types of gear trains, depending upon the arrangement of wheels :

1. Simple gear train,

2. Compound gear train,

3. Reverted gear train, and

4. Epicyclic gear train.

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Q 6a)(ii)

4

Question:

Explain the concept of fluctuation of energy related with turning moment diagram with sketch.


Answer:

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Q 6 b )

8

Question:

A simple band brake is operated by lever 40 cm long. The brake drum diameter is 40 cm and brake band embrance 5/8 of its circumference. One end of band is attached to a fulcrum of lever while other end attached to pin 8 cm from fulcrum. The coefficient of friction 0.25. The effort applied at the end of lever is 500 N. Find braking torque applied if drum rotates anticlockwise and acts downwards.


Answer:

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Q 6 c )

8

Question:

An engine of a car has a single plate clutch developed maximum torque 147 N-m. External diameter of clutch plate is 1.2 times its internal diameter. Determine the dimension of clutch plate and axial force provided by the spring. The maximum pressure intensity of the clutch facing 98 kN/m2 and coefficient of friction is 0.3. Assume uniform wear condition.


Answer:

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Q 6 c )

4

Question:

Explain the working principle of jet propulsion with a neat sketch.


Answer:

Working principle of jet propulsion - Jet propulsion is based on Newton’s second law and third law’s of motion. - Means producing forward axial thrust by means of reaction of jet of gases which are discharged rearward with a high velocity (aircraft, missile & submarine) - As applied to vehicle operating in fluid, a momentum is imparted to a mass of fluid in a such a manner that the reaction of imparted momentum furnishes a propulsive force. The magnitude of this propulsive force is termed as thrust. - For efficient production of large power, fuel is burnt in an atmospheric of compressed air combustion chamber, the product of combustion expanding first in gas turbine which drive the air compressor and second in nozzle from which thrust is desired for turbojet engine.

 

Turbojet consist of 1) Diffuser 2) Compressor 3) Combustion chamber 4) Turbine 5) Jet-nozzle. Function – Diffuser is to convert the K.E. or air into state pressure rise, air is compressed in compressor air is entered into combustion chamber where fuel is supplied and combustion take places at const. It expanded in

urbine where drops or pressure & increased in velocity. After gases leaves the turbine, they further expanded in nozzle & its leaves with high velocity to produce forward thrust…

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Q 6 d )

4

Question:

Difference between Heat Pump and Refrigerator explain.


Answer:

Difference Heat Pump Refrigerator

Difference heat pump refrigerator is elaborated in the following table. Actually both devices are same but just the application is different.

Difference  Heat Pump  Refrigerator
HEAT PUMP Refrigerator
1) Heat pump is a device to maintain temperature of the system above the atmospheric temperature. 1)Refrigerator is a device used to maintain the temperature of the system below the atmospheric temperature.
2) Heat pump transfers heat energy from low temp thermal reservoir to High temperature thermal reservoir with the help of external work, with useful space is high temperature reservoir. 2) A refrigerator transfers heat energy from low temperature reservoir to high temperature reservoir with the help of external work, the only difference is that the useful space is Low temperature reservoir.
3) Evaporator is located outside room or external space. 3) Evaporator is located inside room or internal space.
4) Condenser is located inside room or internal space. 4) Condenser is located outside room or external space.

 

Difference Heat Pump Refrigerator

 

More details about difference  heatpump  refrigerator

 Heat Pump :A heat pump is essentially an air conditioner installed in backward direction. It extracts energy from colder air outside the room and deposits it in a warmer room inside. 

Difference Heat Pump Refrigerator

Refrigerator ( or Air conditioner) does exactly opposite to that of heat pump. It extracts heat from clolder room inside and throws it outside which is already hotter than inside room.

Difference Heat Pump Refrigerator

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Q 6 e )

4

Question:

Explain the working of window air conditioner with neat sketch.


Answer:

The low pressure and low temperature refrigerant vapour from evaporator is sucked by compressor. The compressor compresses the vapour to high pressure and high temperature and discharges to the condenser. On the condenser the refrigerant vapour condenses by dissipating heat to the cooling medium (air) the liquid refrigerant coming out of condenser passes through filter, dryer into capillary tube where it is again throated back to the evaporated pressure. The low pressure low temp liquid refrigerant then flows to evaporator which it boil off by extracting heat from air to be circuited to the conditioned space.

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Examination: 2015 WINTER
Que.No Marks
Q 1a)(a)

4

Question:

An engine of diameter 250 mm and 375 mm stroke works on otto cycle. The clearance volume is 0.00263 m3, find the air standard efficiency of cycle also sketch the cycle on P-V plane.


Answer:

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Q 1a)(b)

4

Question:

State any four industrial uses of compressed air.


Answer:

1) To drive air motors in coal mines. 2) To inject fuel in air injection diesel engines. 3) To operate pneumatic drills, hammers, hoists, sand blasters. 4) For cleaning purposes. 5) To cool large buildings. 6) In the processing of food and farm maintenance. 7) For spray painting in paint industry. 8) In automobile & railway braking systems. 9) To operate air tools like air guns. 10) To hold & index cutting tools on machines like milling / cnc machines.

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Q 1a)(c)

4

Question:

Define the following terms related to compressor. i) Compressor capacity ii) Free air delivered iii) Volumetric efficiency iv) Mechanical efficiency


Answer:

i] Compressor capacity:-  It is the volume of air delivered by the compressor in m3 per minute  It is express in m3 /min ii) FAD:-  It is the volume of air delivered by compressor under the intake conditions of temperature and pressure.  Capacity of compressor is generally given in terms of free air delivery.  Unit = m3 /cycle iii) Volumetric Efficiency: It is the ratio of actual volume of air delivered at standard atmospheric condition discharge in one delivery stroke to the swept volume by the piston during the stroke.iv) Mechanical Efficiency: It is the ratio of Indicated power to shaft (brake) power.

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Q 1a)(d)

4

Question:

What is pre-ignition ? State any two factors responsible for pre-ignition.


Answer:

In S.I. engine, the spark is timed to occur at a definite point just before the end of the compression stroke. If the ignition starts, due to any other reason, when the piston is still doing its compression stroke, it is known as pre – ignition.  Following factors are responsible for Pre – ignition 1) High compression ratio 2) Overheated spark plug 3) Incandescent carbon deposit in cylinder wall 4) Overheated exhaust valve 5) It may occur due to faulty timing of spark production

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Q 1a)(i)

2

Question:

Define - 1. Mechanism  2.Inversion


Answer:

1. Mechanism : When one of the links of a kinematic chain is fixed, the chain is known as mechanism.

2. Inversion of mechanism The method of obtaining different mechanisms by fixing different links in a kinematic chain, is known as inversion of the mechanism. So we can obtain as many mechanisms as the number of links in a kinematic chain by fixing, in turn, different links in a kinematic chain.

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Q 1a)(ii)

4

Question:

Differentiate between Knuckle joint and Cotter joint. (any four points of difference)


Answer:

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Q 1a)(ii)

2

Question:

State any two types of motion of the follower.  


Answer:

The follower during its travel may have one of the following motions.

1. Uniform velocity,

2. Simple harmonic motion,

3. Uniform acceleration and retardation,

4. Cycloidal motion.

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Q 1a)(iii)

4

Question:

Write Lewis equation for strength of gear tooth. State the meaning of each term


Answer:

 

 

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Q 1a)(iii)

2

Question:

Define slip and creep in the belt.


Answer:

Slip : When the frictional grip becomes insufficient. This may cause some forward motion of the driver without carrying the belt with it. This may also cause some forward motion of the belt without carrying the driven pulley with it. This is called slip of the belt and is generally expressed as a percentage. Creep : When the belt passes from the slack side to the tight side, a certain portion of the belt extends and it contracts again when the belt passes from the tight side to slack side. Due to these changes of length, there is a relative motion between the belt and the pulley surfaces. This relative motion is termed as creep.

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Q 1a)(iv)

2

Question:

State any two advantages of V belt drive over flat belt drive.


Answer:

Advantages -1. The V-belt drive gives compactness due to the small distance between the centres of pulleys.

2. The drive is positive, because the slip between the belt and the pulley groove is negligible.

3. Since the V-belts are made endless and there is no joint trouble, therefore the drive is smooth.

4. It provides longer life of 3 to 5 years.

5. It can be easily installed and removed.

6. The operation of the belt and pulley is quiet.

7. The belts have the ability to cushion the shock when machines are started.

8. The high velocity ratio (maximum 10) may be obtained.

9. The wedging action of the belt in the groove gives high value of limiting ratio of tensions. Therefore the power transmitted by V-belts is more than flat belts for the same coefficient of friction, arc of contact and allowable tension in the belts.

10. The V-belt may be operated in either direction with tight side of the belt at the top or bottom. The centre line may be horizontal, vertical or inclined.

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Q 1a)(iv)

4

Question:

State four different thread profiles used in power transmission. Draw neat sketches of any two of them.


Answer:

Following are the three types of screw threads mostly used for power screws: 1. Square thread. 2. Acme threads 3.trapezoidal thread. 3. Buttress thread

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Q 1a)(l)

4

Question:

What are the steps involved in general design procedure? Explain.


Answer:

1. Recognition of need. First of all, make a complete statement of the problem, indicating the need, aim or purpose for which the machine is to be designed. 2. Synthesis (Mechanisms). Select the possible mechanism or group of mechanisms which will give the desired motion. 3. Analysis of forces. Find the forces acting on each member of the machine and the energy transmitted by each member. 4. Material selection. Select the material best suited for each member of the machine. 5. Design of elements (Size and Stresses). Find the size of each member of the machine by considering the force acting on the member and the permissible stresses for the material used. It should be kept in mind that each member should not deflect or deform than the permissible limit. 6. Modification. Modify the size of the member to agree with the past experience and judgment to facilitate manufacture. The modification may also be necessary by consideration of manufacturing to reduce overall cost. 7. Detailed drawing. Draw the detailed drawing of each component and the assembly of the machine with complete specification for the manufacturing processes suggested. Prepare assembly drawing giving part numbers, overall dimensions and part list. The component drawing is supplied to the shop flow for manufacturing purpose, while assembly drawing is supplied to the assembly shop 8. Production. The component, as per the drawing, is manufactured in the workshop

 

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Q 1a)(l)

6

Question:

What is stress concentration? Explain any four methods to reduce it.


Answer:

Stress Concentration: Whenever a machine component changes the shape of its cross-section, the simple stress distribution no longer holds good and the neighborhood of the discontinuity is different. This irregularity in the stress distribution caused by abrupt changes of form is called stress concentration. It occurs for all kinds of stresses in the presence of fillets, notches, holes, keyways, splines, surface roughness or scratches etc.

Causes of stress concentration are as under. i) Abrupt changes in cross-section like in keyway, steps, grooves, threaded holes results in stress concentration. ii) Poor surface finish – The surface irregularities is also one of the reason for stress concentration.

iii) Localized loading – Due to heavy load on small area the stress concentration occurs in the vicinity of loaded area. iv)Variation in material properties – Particularly defects like internal flaws, voids, cracks, air holes, cavities also results in stress concentration.

Two methods of reducing stress concentration :( Any two Methods with sketch 4 Marks ) 1) Introducing additional notches and holes in tension member 2) Fillet radius ,undercutting & notches for member I bending 3) Reduction of stress concentration in threaded portion 4) Drilling additional holes for shaft

 

 

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Q 1a)(v)

2

Question:

State the function of flywheel in IC engine.


Answer:

A flywheel controls the speed variations caused by the fluctuation of the engine turning moment during each cycle of operation.

A flywheel used in machines serves as a reservoir, which stores energy during the period when the supply of energy is more than the requirement, and releases it during the period when the requirement of energy is more than the supply.

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Q 1a)(vi)

2

Question:

Define stability and hunting of governor.​


Answer:

Stability of governor : 

A governor is said to be stable when for every speed within the working range there is a definite configuration i.e. there is only one radius of rotation of the governor balls at which the governor is in equilibrium. For a stable governor, if the equilibrium speed increases, the radius of governor balls must also increase.

Hunting of governor :

A governor is said to be hunt if the speed of the engine fluctuates continuously above and below the mean speed. This is caused by a too sensitive governor which changes the fuel supply by a large amount when a small change in the speed of rotation takes place.

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Q 1a)(vii)

2

Question:

Compare brakes and dynamometers (two points).


Answer:

Brakes : A brake is a device by means of which artificial frictional resistance is applied to a moving machine member, in order to retard or stop the motion of a machine.

Types : Hydraulic brakes

1.Electric brakes  2.Mechanical brakes.

The brake absorbs either kinetic energy of the moving member or potential energy given up by objects being lowered by hoists, elevators etc.

The energy absorbed by brakes is dissipated in the form of heat.

This heat is dissipated in the surrounding air (or water which is circulated through the passages in the brake drum) so that excessive heating of the brake lining does not take place.

Dynamometers : A dynamometer is a brake but in addition it has a device to measure the frictional resistance.

Knowing the frictional resistance, we may obtain the torque transmitted and hence the power of the engine.

Types : 1. Absorption dynamometers, and 2. Transmission dynamometers

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Q 1a)(viii)

2

Question:

State any two adverse effects of imbalance.​


Answer:

All the rotating and reciprocating parts should be completely balanced as far as possible. If these parts are not properly balanced,

The dynamic forces are set up.

These forces increase the loads on bearings and stresses in the various members.

Also produce unpleasant and even dangerous vibrations.

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Q 1b)(a)

6

Question:

A petrol engine working on otto cycle has compression ratio 8 and consumes 1 kg of air per minute. If maximum temperature during the cycle is 2001 k and minimum temperature is 299 k. Find power developed by engine.


Answer:

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Q 1b)(b)

6

Question:

Write any three pollutants in exhaust gasses of petrol and diesel engine with their effects on environment.


Answer:

The major air pollutants emitted by petrol & diesel engines are CO2, CO, HC, NOx, SO2, smoke & lead vapour. Effect of CO:  Carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin forming carboy hemoglobin ,which reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood.  This leads to laziness, exhaustion of body & headache.  Prolong exposure can even leads to death.  It also affects cardiovascular system, thereby causing heart problem Effect of CO2: Causes respiratory disorder & suffocation. Effect of NOx: It causes respiration irritation, headache, bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, impairment of lungs, and loss of appetite & corrosion of teeth to human body. Effect of HC: • It has effect like reduced visibility, eye irritation, peculiar odour & damage to vegetation & acceleration the cracking of rubber products. • It induce cancer, affect DNA & cell growth are know a carcinogens. Effect of SO2: It is toxic & corrosive gas, human respiratory track of animals, plants & crops

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Q 1b)(i)

2

Question:

Draw neat labeled sketch of crank and slotted lever mechanism. Label all parts.


Answer:

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Q 1b)(ii)

6

Question:

A shaft 1000 mm long is supported between two bearings. A pulley of 250 mm diameter is keyed at 400 mm distance away from left hand bearing. The power transmitted by shaft is 10 kW at 800 r.p.m. The pulley gives power to another pulley vertically below it having an angle of contact between pulley and belt as 180°. The weight of pulley is 300 N. The coefficient of friction between belt and pulley is 0.15. Take shear stress for shaft material as 60 MPa. Find the diameter of the shaft.


Answer:

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Q 1b)(ii)

2

Question:

What is the necessity of clutch? State its types.


Answer:

Necessity: A clutch is necessary for the transmission of power of shafts and machines which must be started and stopped frequently. Its application is also found in cases in which power is to be delivered to machines partially or fully loaded. The force of friction is used to start the driven shaft from rest and gradually brings it up to the proper speed without excessive slipping of the friction surfaces.

In automobiles, friction clutch is used to connect the engine to the driven shaft. It may be noted that -

1. The contact surfaces should develop a frictional force that may pick up and hold the load with reasonably low pressure between the contact surfaces.

2. The heat of friction should be rapidly dissipated and tendency to grab should be at a minimum.

3. The surfaces should be backed by a material stiff enough to ensure a reasonably uniform distribution of pressure.

Types :

1. Disc or plate clutches (single disc or multiple disc clutch),

2. Cone clutches, and

3. Centrifugal clutches.

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Q 1b)(iii)

4

Question:

Draw the neat sketch of epicyclic gear train and explain how it works.


Answer:

In an epicyclic gear train, the axes of the shafts, over which the gears are mounted, may move relative to a fixed axis. A simple epicyclic gear train is shown in Fig. where a gear A and the arm C have a common axis at 1 about which they can rotate. The gear B meshes with gear A and has its axis on the arm at O2, about which the gear B can rotate. If the arm is fixed, the gear train is simple and gear A can drive gear B or viceversa, but if gear A is fixed and the arm is rotated about the axis of gear A (i.e. O1), then the gear B is forced to rotate upon and around gear A. Such a motion is called epicyclic and the gear trains arranged in such a manner that one or more of their members moves upon and around another member are known as epicyclic gear trains (epi - means upon and cyclic means around). The epicyclic gear trains may be simple or compound.

The epicyclic gear trains are useful for transmitting high velocity ratios with gears of moderate size in a comparatively lesser space. The epicyclic gear trains are used in the back gear of lathe, differential gears of the automobiles, hoists, pulley blocks, wrist watches etc.

 

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Q 2 a )

8

Question:

Explain the design procedure of handlever with neat sketch.


Answer:

 

 

 

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Q 2 a )

8

Question:

Compare Reciprocating air compressor and Rotary air compressor mentioning the basis of comparison (any 8 points)


Answer:

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Q 2 a )

4

Question:

State and explain various types of constrained motions with suitable examples.


Answer:

Types of Constrained Motions :

Following are the three types of constrained motions:

1. Completely constrained motion: When the motion between a pair is limited to a definite direction irrespective of the direction of force applied, then the motion is said to be a completely constrained motion. For example, the piston and cylinder (in a steam engine) form a pair and the motion of the piston is limited to a definite direction (i.e. it will only reciprocate) relative to the cylinder irrespective of the direction of motion of the crank.

2. Incompletely constrained motion: When the motion between a pair can take place in more than one direction, then the motion is called an incompletely constrained motion. The change in the direction of impressed force may alter the direction of relative motion between the pair. A circular bar or shaft in a circular hole is an example of an incompletely constrained motion as it may either rotate or slide in a hole. These both motions have no relationship with the other.

3. Successfully constrained motion: When the motion between the elements, forming a pair, is such that the constrained motion is not completed by itself, but by some other means, then the motion is said to be successfully constrained motion. Consider a shaft in a foot-step bearing. The shaft may rotate in a bearing or it may move upwards. This is a case of incompletely constrained motion. But if the load is placed on the shaft to prevent axial upward movement of the shaft, then the motion of the pair is said to be successfully constrained motion.

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Q 2 b )

8

Question:

Explain the design procedure of bush pin type flexible coupling with neat sketch


Answer:

It consist of two shafts, two key, flanges, key, pin, rubber bush, brass bush, & pin ,following are the designations of various coupling dimensions which are use for the design procedure.

 

 

 

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Q 2 b )

8

Question:

Explain sensible heating and cooling with dehumidification by sketching it on outline diagram of psychrometric chart


Answer:

Heating with Dehumidification process : By this process, specific humidity of air decreases and its dry bulb temperature increases. This type of process is suitable for industrial air conditioning where low relative humidity is required. This process is achieved by passing a stream of air over chemicals which have an affinity for water. The process is shown in figure. 

 

  Cooling with Dehumidification process : This process is used when atmospheric condition is hot and humid. To decrease the humidity of air it is passed over a cooling coil whose temperature is less than dew point temperature of air. As the air passes over the cooling coil, the moisture in air condenses and its temperature is also decreased

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Q 2 b )

4

Question:

Draw the neat labeled sketch of Oldham’s coupling. State its applications.


Answer:

Applications:

An Oldham's coupling is used for connecting two parallel shafts whose axes are at a small distance apart.

Used to transmit motion and power.

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Q 2 c )

4

Question:

Define the terms linear velocity, relative velocity, angular velocity and angular acceleration.


Answer:

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Q 2 c )

8

Question:

The following observations were made during the test on an oil engine BP of engine = 31.5 kW, fuel used = 10.5 kg/hr, C.V. of fuel = 43,000 kJ/kg, jacket circulating water = 540 kg/hr, rise in temperature of cooling water = 56°C, water circulated through exhaust gas calorimeter = 545 kg/hr, rise in temperature of water passing through exhaust gas calorimeter = 36°C, temperature of exhaust gas leaving the exhaust gas calorimeter = 82°C, A : F ratio = 19:1, ambient temperature = 17°C, Cp for exhaust gases = 1 kJ/kg°k. Draw up the heat balance sheet on minute basis.


Answer:

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Q 2c)(i)

8

Question:

Explain with neat sketch the stress-strain diagram for ductile material.


Answer:

 

Point A: Proportional limit Point B: Elastic limit Point c: Upper yield point Point D: Lower yield point Point E: Ultimate tensile stress point Point F: Breaking Stress point. 1. Proportional limit. We see from the diagram that from point O to A is a straight line, which represents that the stress is proportional to strain. Beyond point A, the curve slightly deviates from the straight line. It is thus obvious, that Hooke's law holds good up to point A and it is known as proportional limit. It is defined as that stress at which the stress-strain curve begins to deviate from the straight line. 2. Elastic limit. It may be noted that even if the load is increased beyond point A upto the point B, the material will regain its shape and size when the load is removed. This means that the material has elastic properties up to the point B. This point is known as elastic limit. It is defined as the stress developed in the material without any permanent set. 3. Yield point. If the material is stressed beyond point B, the plastic stage will reach i.e. on the the load, the material will not be able to recover its original size and shape. A little consideration will show that beyond point B, the strain increases at a faster rate with any increase in the stress until the point C is reached. At this point, the material yields before the load and there is an appreciable strain without any increase in stress. In case of mild steel, it will be seen that a small load drops to D, immediately after yielding commences. Hence there are two yield points C and D. The points C and D are called the upper and lower yield points respectively. The stress corresponding to yield point is known as yield point stress. 4. Ultimate stress. At D, the specimen regains some strength and higher values of stresses are required for higher strains, than those between A and D. The stress (or load) goes on increasing till the point E is reached. The gradual increase in the strain (or length) of the specimen is followed with the uniform reduction of its cross-sectional area. The work done, during stretching the specimen, is transformed largely into heat and the specimen becomes hot. At E, the stress, which attains its maximum value is known as ultimate stress. Itis defined as the largest stress obtained by dividing the largest value of the load reached in a test to the original cross-sectional area of the test piece. 5. Breaking stress. After the specimen has reached the ultimate stress, a neck is formed, which decreases the cross-sectional area ofthe specimen, as shown in Fig. The stress is, therefore, reduced until the the specimen breaks away at point F. The stress corresponding to point F is known as breaking stress.

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Q 2c)(ii)

8

Question:

Design ‘‘C’’ clamp frame for a total clamping force of 20 kN. The cross-section of the frame is rectangular and width to thickness ratio is 2. The distance between the load line and natural axis of rectangular cross section is 120 mm and the gap between two faces is 180 mm. The frame is made of cast steel for which maximum permissible tensile stress is 100 N/mm


Answer:

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Q 2 d )

4

Question:

For a single slider crank mechanism , state the formulae to calculate by analytical method – Also state the meaning of each term.


Answer:

i) Velocity of slider:

                                Vp = w.r [sinθ + sin2θ/2n ]

              where,

                  Vp - velocity of slider

w- angular velocity

θ – angle of crank to line of stroke ‘PO’

n- l/r = ratio of length of connecting rod to crank radius.

ii) Acceleration of slider:

               fp = w2 r(cos θ + cos2θ/n)

                 where, fp – acceleration of slider

iii) Angular velocity of connecting rod.:

            wpc = w cos θ / ( n2 – sin2θ)1/2

Where, wpc is angular velocity of connecting rod

iv) Angular acceleration of connecting rod.:

           αpc =  -w2sinθ (n2 -1)/ ( n2 -sin2θ) 3/2

Where, αpc is angular acceleration of connecting rod.

 

 

 

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Q 2 e )

4

Question:

Define the following terms related to cams.


Answer:

i) Trace point : It is a reference point on the follower and is used to generate the pitch curve. In case of knife edge follower, the knife edge represents the trace point and the pitch curve corresponds to the cam profile. In a roller follower, the centre of the roller represents the trace point.

ii) Pitch curve: It is the curve generated by the trace point as the follower moves relative to the cam. For a knife edge follower, the pitch curve and the cam profile are same whereas for a roller follower, they are separated by the radius of the roller.

iii) Prime circle: It is the smallest circle that can be drawn from the centre of the cam and tangent to the pitch curve. For a knife edge and a flat face follower, the prime circle and the base circle are identical. For a roller follower, the prime circle is larger than the base circle by the radius of the roller.

iv) Lift of stroke: It is the maximum travel of the follower from its lowest position to the topmost position.

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Q 2 f )

4

Question:

A casting weighing 9 kN hangs freely from a rope which makes 2.5 turns round a drum of 300 mm diameter revolving at 20 rpm. The other end of the rope is pulled by a man. Taking μ = 0.25, determine (i) the force required by the man (ii) the power to raise the casting.  


Answer:

Given: W= T1= 9 kN =9000N, d= 0.3 m, N = 20 rpm , µ= 0.25

(i) Force reqd. by a man 

T2- force reqd. by man

As rope makes 2.5 turns,

Therefore angle of contact ,

θ =2.5x2π = 5 π rad.

We know that,

2.3 log {T1/T2} = µ θ = 0.25 x 5 π = 3.9275

log {T1/T2} = 3.9275/2.3 = 1.71 or T1/T2 = 51

T2 = 9000/51 = 176.47 N

(ii) Power to raise casting : 

As velocity of rope, v = πdN/60 = 3.14x0.3x20/60 = 0.3142 m/s

Power to raise casting = (T1-T2) x v = (9000-176.47) x 0.3142

                                     = 2.772 kW.

 

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Q 3 a )

4

Question:

Space diagram 01 Mark, Velocity Diagram 02 marks , Calculations 01 Mark Note In QP length BC & AB are equal. Read length AD = length BC = 150 mm


Answer:

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Q 3 a )

4

Question:

State the composition of following materials (i) Fe E 230 (ii) X 20 Cr 18 Ni 2 (iii) 35 C 8 (iv) 40 Ni 2 Cr 1 Mo 28


Answer:

 i) Fe E 230 : Steel with min.Yield strength of 230N/mm2 ii ) X20Cr 18 Ni 2:Specification: It is ALLOY STEEL having Carbon 0.20% ,Chromium 18% and Nickel 2%  iii )35 C 8 : steel with 0.35% carbon & 0.8% Manganese.

iv) 40 Ni 2 Cr 1 Mo 20 :Alloy Steel having 0.4% carbon,0.5% Nickel, 0.25% chromium,2.8% Molybdenum.

 

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Q 3 a )

4

Question:

What is catalytic convertor ? Explain two way catalytic convertor with neat sketch


Answer:

 

 

 

Catalytic converter is a device which converts harmful pollutants to harmless gases. Catalytic converter is used in exhaust emission in control system to convert CO, NOx, HC and other harmful gases to harmless gases. A Catalytic converter consists of a cylindrical unit of small size like a small silencer and is installed into the exhaust system of a vehicle. It is placed between the exhaust manifold and the silencer. Inside the cylindrical tube i.e. converter there is a honey comb structure of a ‘ceramic or metal’ which is coated with ‘alumina base’ material and there after a second coating of precious metals ‘platinum, palladium or rhodium’ or combination of the same. This second coating serves as a catalyst. A catalyst is a substance which causes a chemical reaction intro the gases. When the exhaust gases pass over the converter substance, the toxic gases as CO, HC & NOx are converted into harmless gases as CO2, H2 & N2

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Q 3a)(d)

4

Question:

Describe the method to measure indicated power of I.C. engine.


Answer:

Method to measure Indicated power :

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Q 3 b )

4

Question:

In a single slider crank mechanism, crank AB = 20 mm and connecting rod BC = 80 mm. Crank AB rotates with uniform speed of 1000 rpm in anticlockwise direction. Find (i) angular velocity of connecting rod BC and (ii) Velocity of slider C when crank AB makes angle of 60° with the horizontal.​


Answer:

Given: Crank AB = 20 mm = 0.02 m, C. R. BC = 80 mm = 0.08 m

N = 1000 rpm, ωBA= 2πN/60 = 2π x 1000/60 = 104.7 rad/sec

VBA = ωBA x AB = 104.7 x 0.02 = 2.09 m/s

From velocty diagram: Velocity of C w.r.t. B -

VCB = vector cb = 1.15 m/s

Angular velocity of Connecting rod ‘BC’ ωCB = VCB / CB = 1.15/0.08 = 14.375 rad /sec

Velocity of slider ‘C’

VC= vector ac = 2 m/sec

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Q 3 b )

4

Question:

Design an offset link for a load of 1000 N. Maximum permissible stress in tension for link material is 60 N/mm2. Assume b = 3t for rectangular cross section of the link.


Answer:

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Q 3 b )

4

Question:

Draw constant pressure closed cycle gas turbine on P.V and T-S planes. Name the various processes involved and give its efficiency equation with meaning of each term.


Answer:

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Q 3 c )

4

Question:

State the formulae to calculate the length of open belt drive and cross belt drive. State the meaning of each term by drawing suitable diagrams in both cases.


Answer:

Formulae to calculate the length of open belt drive :

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