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Ergonomics consideration in the design of Lathe machine Any 4 1) The controls on lathe should be easily accessible and properly positioned. 2) the control operation should involve minimum motions. 3) Height of lathe should be match with worker for operation 4)Lathe machine should make less noise during operation. 5) force& power capacity required in turning the wheel as per operation or human being can apply normally. 6) should get required accuracy in operation.

30 Ni 16 Cr5 : alloy steel carbon 0.3% of average, Nickel 16%, chromium 5% 40C8 : Plain carbon steel carbon 0.4% of average, manganese 0.8% FeE230 : Steel with yield strength of 230N/mm2

X15Cr25Ni12 : high alloy steel carbon 0.15% of average, chromium 25%, Nickel 12%,

(i) Applications of maximum shear stress theory : for ductile material , crank shaft, propeller shafts , c frames (ii) Applications of maximum principle normal stress theory : for brittle material , machine spindle, machine beds , c frames, overhang crank

Main considerations in machine design Type of loads and stresses caused by the load: the load on a machine component, may act in several ways, due to which, the internal stresses are set up. Mechanism: the successful operation of any machine depends largely upon the simplest arrangement of the parts, which will give desired motion Selection of material: designer should know the deep knowledge of properties of materials and behavior under working conditions

Whenever a machine component changes the shape of its cross section, the simple stress distribution no longer holds good. This irregularity in the stress distribution caused by abrupt changes of form is called as stress concentration

Each product is to be design to perform a specific function or a set of functions to the satisfaction of customers. In a present days of buyer’s market, with a number of products available in the market are having most of the parameters identical,the appearance of the product is often a major factor in attracting the customer. For any product, there exists a relationship between the functional requirement and the appearance of a product. The aesthetic quality contributes to the performance of the product, through the extent of contribution varies from product to product.

Composition in percentage 1) Carbon-0.3-0.4 %, manganese 0.5 % and molybdenum 2.8 % 2) Carbon-0.26-0.34, ,Nickel 1 % and Chromium 0.25 % 3) Carbon-0.2-0.3,chromium 0.75 % and molybdenum 5.5 %

Explanation of stresses :

a) Transverse shear stress: When a section is subjected to two equal & opposite forces acting tangentially across the section such that it tends to shear off across the section. The stress is produced is called as transverse stress For Single shearing, Shear stress Ʈ = W/A For Double shearing, Shear stress Ʈ = W/2A

a) Ductility: the property of material which enables it to be drawn into thin wire under the action of tensile load is called as ductility. b) Toughness: The property which resists the fracture under the action of impact loading is called as toughness. Toughness is energy for failure by fracture. c) Creep: when a component is subjected to constant stress at a high temperature over a long period of time ,it will undergo a slow& permanent deformation called creep Or it is defined as “slow and progressive deformation of material with time under constant stress at elevated temperature.