Theory

Advantages of jet propulsion – 1. Higher mechanical efficiency due to absence of reciprocating parts. 2. The weight of gas turbine per kW power developed is low since the working pressures are low requiring lighter construction. 3. Can produce much more power at much higher altitudes where drag is less so higher speeds are possible and they are more efficient. 4. Reliability is one of the elements of success for jet engines. They only have a couple of moving parts and almost no vibration.

Advantages of closed cycle gas turbine:

(i) It has higher thermal efficiency for the same minimum and maximum temperature limits and for the same pressure ratio.

(ii) Since the heating is external, any kind of fuel even solid fuel having low calorific value may be used.

(iii) There is no corrosion due to circulation of combustion product.

(iv) As the system is a closed one there is no loss of the working fluid.

(v) The size of the turbine will be smaller compared to an open cycle gas turbine of the same output.

i) Mechanical Efficiency- It is the ratio of the power available at the engine crankshaft (bp) to the power developed in the engine cylinder (ip).

ii) Volumetric efficiency :- It is the ratio of the actual volume of the charge admitted into the cylinder to the swept volume of the piston .

Effects of detonation (1) Noise – As intensity of detonation increases, the sound intensity increases & it is harmful. (2) Mechanical damage – shock waves are so violent that it may cause mechanical damage like breaking of piston. It increases the rate of wear erosion of piston. (3) Pre-ignition – Due to local overheating of spark plug & this pre-ignition increases detonation. (4) Power output & efficiency decreases - Power output & thermal efficiency decreases due to abnormal combustion.

Ramjet has no compressor as the entire compression depends upon compression. Function of supersonic & subsonic difference to convert the kinetic called the ram pressure.

The major air pollutants emitted by petrol engines are CO2, CO, HC, NOx, SO2, smoke & lead vapour. 

Effect of CO:

Carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin forming carboy hemoglobin, which reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood.

1. This leads to laziness, exhaustion of body & headache. 2. Prolong exposure can even leads to death. 3. It also affects cardiovascular system, thereby causing heart problem

Effect of CO2: Causes respiratory disorder & suffocation.

Superchargers are pressure boosting devices (compressors) which increase the pressure of the air before inletting it get into cylinder of the internal combustion engine, and the process of increasing the pressure OR forcing more air to get into engine is called as supercharging. This gives each intake cycle of the engine more oxygen, letting it burn more fuel and do more work, thus increasing power.

During suction stroke, negative loop is formed as pressure inside engine cylinder is less than atmospheric pressure. During compression stroke, work is done on gases therefore higher negative loop is formed. During expansion or power stroke, fuel burn & gases expand therefore large positive loop is formed & during this stroke we get work output. During exhaust stroke, work is done on the gas to expel it out of cylinder, hence negative loop is formed.

Working of Simple Vapor absorption system: A Simple Vapor absorption system consists of evaporator, absorber, generator, condenser, expansion valve, pump & reducing valve. In this system ammonia is used as refrigerant and solution is used is aqua ammonia. Strong solution of aqua ammonia contains as much as ammonia as it can and weak solution contains less ammonia. The compressor of vapor compressor system is replaced by an absorber, generator, reducing valve and pump. The heat flow in the system at generator, and work is supplied to pump.