(i) Swept Volume (VS) w.r.t I.C.Engine: The volume swept through by the piston in moving between top dead centre and bottom dead centre is called swept volume or piston displacement. It is denoted by VS. It is equal to the area of the piston multiplied by its stroke length. Therefore, Swept Volume = π/4xD2 xL
Where D = bore of the cylinder in m, and
L = stroke length in m.
(i) Indicated Power: The total power developed by combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber is called indicated power.
(ii) Brake Power: The power developed by an engine at the output shaft is called brake power.
(iii) Volumetric efficiency: It is defined as the ratio of the actual volume of the charge admitted into the cylinder to the swept volume of the piston is known as volumetric efficiency.
( iv) Brake specific fuel consumption: It is the mass of fuel consumed per kw developed per hour, and is a criterion of economical
Advantages of closed cycle gas turbine over open cycle gas turbine: (i) It has higher thermal efficiency for the same minimum and maximum temperature limits and for the same pressure ratio. (ii) Since the heating is external, any kind of fuel even solid fuel having low calorific value may be used. (iii) There is no corrosion due to circulation of combustion product. (iv) As the system is a closed one there is no loss of the working fluid. (v) The size of the turbine will be smaller compared to an open cycle gas turbine of the same output.
Turbojet engine working principle
Additives (1) Detergents – To keep engine parts, such as piston and piston rings, clean & free from deposits. (2) Dispersants – To suspend & disperse material that could form varnishes, sludge etc that clog the engine. (3) Anti – wear – To give added strength & prevent wear of heavily loaded surfaces such as crank shaft rods & main bearings. (4) Corrosion inhibitors – To fight the rust wear caused by acids moisture. Protect vital steel & iron parts from rust & corrosion.
Attempt any FOUR MPFI : MPFI means Multipoint Injection System in which each cylinder has number of injector to supply / spray the fuel in cylinders.
Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle
